PSIO 303 Exam 3/Final Questions and Answers (100% pass)

PSIO 303 Exam 3/Final Questions and Answers (100% pass) What are the core components of metabolic syndrome? - Answer️️ -1. Visceral or central obesity 2. Insulin resistance 3. Hyperinsulinemia 4. Glucose intolerance 5. Dyslipdemia 6. Essential hypertension Visceral/Central obesity is associated with what parts of metabolic syndrome? - Answer️️ -Insulin resistance (due to excess FFA's and other adipokines produced)and hyperinsulinemia Are underweight conditions associated with metabolic syndrome? - Answer️️ -Yes Insulin Resistance - Answer️️ -Normal or elevated insulin levels don't elicit the expected biological response in the organism or tissue What is the primary site of glucose disposal? - Answer️️ -Skeletal muscle Hyperinsulinemia - Answer️️ -An increase in insulin secretion is brought about in order to compensate for the insulin resistant state ©SOPHIABENNET@2024/2025 Wednesday, August 21, 2024 12:13 PM 2 and to keep blood glucose as close to normal as possible. Results in hyperglycemia Glucose intolerance - Answer️️ -Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) Dyslipidemia - Answer️️ -Derangement of the circulating levels of specific lipids (decrease HDL, increase LDL) Essential Hypertension - Answer️️ -Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia cause alterncations that cause an increase in blood volume and total peripheral resistance that results in hypertension Normal glucoregulation - Answer️️ -the ability of an organism to respond appropriately to interventions that cause circulating glucose levels to deviate from set-point What 5 organs are involved in whole body glucose homeostasis? - Answer️️ -1. Skeletal muscle 2. Liver 3. Pancreas 4. Adipose Tissue 5. Hypothalamus How does Skeletal muscle aid in glucoregulation - Answer️️ -- 40% of body mass - responsible for peripheral disposal of glucose in response to oral glucose/meals ©SOPHIABENNET@2024/2025 Wednesday, August 21, 2024 12:13 PM 3 - glucose transport into muscle via myocytes = highly regulated process stimulated by insulin or contractions - Glucose molecules transported can be stored as glycogen or oxidized to make ATP How does the Liver aid in glucoregulation? - Answer️️ -- Site of glucose disposal from hepatic portal circulation and from general circulation - Critical site of glucose production (mediate by breakdown of glycogen stores and synthesis of new glucose from precursor molecules) - Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis (HGP) are under control by hormonal factors (glucagon and insulin) in accordance to blood glucose level What is HGP mediated by? - Answer️️ -1. Breakdown of glycogen stored in liver (glycogenolysi) 2. Synthesis of new glucose molecules (gluconeogenesis) How does the Pancreas aid in glucoregulation? - Answer️️ -- Exocrine and endocrine aspects (endocrine consists of different cel types = critical for normal glucoregulation (alpha and beta cells) - beta cells: synthesize and secrete insulin (has effect on glucose transport and storage in cells) - alpha cells: synthesize and secrete glucagon (critical effects on HGP) ©SOPHIABENNET@2024/2025 Wednesday, August 21, 2024 12:13 PM 4 How does the Adipose Tissue aid in glucoregulation? - Answer️️ -- Site of insulin stimulated glucose transport (glucose carbons stored as glycogens or triglycerides - Adipocytes = critical site of the synthesis and secretion of many key regulatory factors called adipokines - Adipokines can act in negative and positive way