NURS 432 – Final Exam Questions and Correct Answers
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Module
NUR 432
Institution
NUR 432
Epidemiology the study of health-related trends in populations for the purpose of disease prevention, health maintenance, and health protection -used to monitor disease trends
Epidemiological triangle -involves the study of the relationships among an agent, host, and environment -their interaction...
NURS 432 – Final Exam Questions and
Correct Answers
Epidemiology ✅the study of health-related trends in populations for the purpose of
disease prevention, health maintenance, and health protection
-used to monitor disease trends
Epidemiological triangle ✅-involves the study of the relationships among an agent,
host, and environment
-their interaction determines the development and cessation of communicable diseases,
as they form a web of causality, which increases or decreases the risk for disease
Epidemic ✅occurs when the rate of disease exceeds the usual (endemic) level of the
condition in a defined population
-one case of smallpox would indicate an epidemic
Agent ✅the physical, infectious, or chemical factor that causes the disease
Host ✅the living being that an agent or the environment influences
Environment ✅the setting or surrounding that sustains the host
Attack rate ✅number of people exposed to a specific agent who develop the disease ÷
total number of people exposed
*has highest number!!
Pandemic ✅condition occurs when an epidemic occurs in multiple countries or
continents
*occurs worldwide
example:
-COVID-19
Who determines immunization requirements for schools? ✅the state!!
Endemic ✅occurs at a consistent, expected level
example:
-flu
,-STDs
-TB
Social determinants of health (SDOH) ✅factors within a community or defined location
that affect individual health-divided into five categories:
-neighborhood and built environment
-social and community context
-economic stability
-health and healthcare
-education
*income most important!!
Communicable diseases ✅the degree to which an organism is able to cause disease
is referred to as the virulence, or degree of communicability
-leading causes of communicable disease deaths include acute respiratory infections
(including pneumonia and influenza), HIV/AIDS, diarrheal diseases, TB, malaria, and
measles
-other diseases that pose a serious significant threat to community health include viral
hepatitis and STIs
Populations at risk for communicable diseases ✅-young children
-older adults
-immunosuppressed clients
-clients who have a high
-risk lifestyle
-international travelers
-healthcare workers
Windshield survey ✅descriptive approach that assesses several community
components by driving through a community
strengths:
-provides a descriptive overview of a community
limitations:
-need for a driver so the nurse can visualize and document the community elements
-can be time-consuming
-results based only on visualization and does not include input from community
members
Health literacy ✅nurses should consider literacy needs when developing interventions
-an individual's ability to understand basic health information and make decisions, or
health literacy, can affect the ability or desire to take action
, A nurse should determine that a patient has issues with health literacy when stating
what? ✅I don't like reading
Ethical principles in nursing ✅-autonomy
-nonmaleficence
-beneficence
-distributive justice
Autonomy ✅individuals select actions that fulfill their goals
-respecting a client's right to self-determination
ex.) client is making a decision to not pursue chemotherapy
Nonmaleficence ✅no harm is done when applying standards of care
ex.) developing plans of care that include a system for monitoring and evaluating
outcomes
Beneficence ✅-maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms
ex.) assessing costs, risks, and benefits when planning interventions
Distributive justice ✅fair distribution of the benefits and burden in society is based on
the needs and contributions of it's member
ex.) determine eligibility for health care services based on income and fiscal resources
Fidelity ✅faithfulness; loyalty
*keeping promises
Veracity ✅truthfulness, honesty
*telling the truth
Child abuse interventions ✅-nurses are mandatory reporters!!
-report on suspicion, not proof
-report to child protective services (CPS)
-should be the first thing the nurse does!
Factors that can threaten health ✅*low income
-difficulty assessing health care
-poor self-esteem
-young/old
-chronic stress
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