©SOPHIABENNETT@2024-2025 Monday, August 19, 2024 12:35 AM
Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1
Questions and Answers (100% Pass)
Atrophy - Answer✔️✔️-E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles,
reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use,
blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - Answer✔️✔️-E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell
division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or
partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased
hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth
factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine
or mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - Answer✔️✔️-E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in
size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
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P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth.
aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap
smear, breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells
of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - Answer✔️✔️-E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to
another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury,
or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a
reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth
factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or
normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by
stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal
squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux,
aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury - Answer✔️✔️-E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
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Free radical and ROS - Answer✔️✔️-E. normal byproduct of ATP
production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular
antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - Answer✔️✔️-E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and
nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
Oncosis - Answer✔️✔️-Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ
increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high
fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Fatty Infiltration - Answer✔️✔️-intracellular accumulation of lipids in the
liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead
to cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification - Answer✔️✔️-accumulation of Ca in dead or dying
tissues
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calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and
function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic
pancreatitis
metastatic calcification - Answer✔️✔️-accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic
levels of Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation - Answer✔️✔️-sodium urate crystals are deposited in
tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic
gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis - Answer✔️✔️-kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to
hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis - Answer✔️✔️-nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
Caseous Necrosis - Answer✔️✔️-lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like
clumped cheese
Fat Necrosis - Answer✔️✔️-breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates
soaps
Gangrenous Necrosis - Answer✔️✔️-Dry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
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