Social Psychology Gilovich Exam Study
Guide with Complete Solutions
1) Social Psychology (chapter 1 intro begins) - Answer✔️✔️-the scientific
study of the feelings, thoughts and behaviors of individuals in different
social contexts such as dyads, groups and organizations
2) Channel Factors - Answer✔️✔️-certain situational circumstances that
appear unimportant on the surface but that can have great consequences
for behavior, either facilitating or blocking it; or guiding behavior in a
particular direction. Important to take into account because individual
differences weren't good predicting factors in many experiments
3) Dispositions - Answer✔️✔️-internal factors, such as beliefs, values,
personality traits, or abilities that guide a person's behaviour.
4) Construal - Answer✔️✔️-interpretation and inference about the stimuli or
situations we confront.
5) Fundamental Attribution Error - Answer✔️✔️-the failure to recognize the
importance of situational influences on behaviour, together with the
tendency to overemphasize the importance of dispositions or traits on
behaviour.
6) Gestalt Psychology - Answer✔️✔️-based on the German word "Gestalt"
meaning "form" or "figure". This approach stresses the fact that objects are
perceived not by means of some automatic registering device but by active,
usually unconscious, interpretation of what the object represents as a
whole.
7) Prisoner's dilemma - Answer✔️✔️-a situation involving payoffs to two
people in which trust and cooperation lead to higher joint payoffs than
mistrust and defection. The game gets its name from the dilemma that
would confront two criminals who were involved in a crime together and
are being held and questioned separately. Each must decide whether to
"cooperate" and stick with a prearranged alibi or "defect" and confess to the
crime in the hope of lenient treatment.
8) Schemas: - Answer✔️✔️-generalized knowledge about the physical and
social world and how to behave in particular situations and with different
kinds of people.
a) Stereotypes: - Answer✔️✔️-schemas that we have for people of various
kinds that can be applied to judgments about people and decisions about
how to interact with them.
9) Natural Selection: - Answer✔️✔️-an evolutionary process that molds
animals and plants such that traits that enhance the probability of survival
and reproduction are passed on to subsequent generations.
10) Theory of mind - Answer✔️✔️-the understanding that other people have
beliefs and desires.
11) Parental Investment - Answer✔️✔️-the evolutionary principal that costs
and benefits are associated with reproduction and the nurturing of
offspring. Because these costs and benefits are different for males and
females, one sex will normally value and invest more in each child than
will the other sex.
12) Naturalistic Fallacy - Answer✔️✔️-the claim that the way things are is
the way they should be.
13) Independent (Individualistic) Cultures: - Answer✔️✔️-cultures in which
people tend to think of themselves as distinct, social entities, tied to each
other by voluntary bonds of affection and organizational memberships, but
essentially separate from other people and having attributes that exist in
the absence of any connection to others.
14) Interdependent (Collectivistic) Cultures - Answer✔️✔️-cultures in which
people tend to define themselves as part of a collective, inextricably tied to
others in their group and having relatively little individual freedom or
personal control over their lives but not necessarily wanting or needing
these things.
Ratio Bias - Answer✔️✔️-The tendency to estimate an event as more likely
when its probability is presented as a ratio between large numbers, and less
likely when its probability is presented as a ratio between small numbers
The Milgram Experiment - Answer✔️✔️-Experiment described as a "study of
learning"
Participants instructed to shock another participant for any wrong answers
The other participant is a confederate who never receives any real shocks
Shock levels ranged from 15 volts (slight shock) to 450 volts (danger: severe
shock)
During the experiment, the confederate begins to scream in pain and
demand that the experiment end
Later, the confederate stops making any sounds, indicating he may be
possibly injured or dead
The experimenter, wearing a white lab coat, instructs the participant to
continue with the experiment
Milgram Study results - Answer✔️✔️-Despite potential harm to another
person, 62.5 percent of participants completed the experiment
Originally it was predicted that less than 1 percent of people would follow
instructions until the end
Participants were of different ages and social classes
Same effects were found for women and men
Classic example of the power of the situation
Participants did not intend to harm another person, yet behaved in accord
with the situation
culture and human behavior - Answer✔️✔️-Despite many human
universals, there is cultural variation in how universals are expressed.
There are cultural differences in self-definition
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