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Exam (elaborations)

RHSC 420 – Final Exam Practice Questions and Answers

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  • RHSC 420/421
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  • RHSC 420/421

RHSC 420 – Final Exam Practice Questions and Answers What are the main functions of the vestibular system? - Answer️️ -- provide us with our sense of balance and head position What are the peripheral vestibular organs? - Answer️️ -- semicircular canals - otolith organs What is the ...

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  • August 28, 2024
  • 56
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • RHSC 420/421
  • RHSC 420/421
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©SOPHIABENNET@2024/2025 Tuesday, August 20, 2024 10:21 AM


RHSC 420 – Final Exam Practice
Questions and Answers

What are the main functions of the vestibular system? - Answer✔️✔️--
provide us with our sense of balance and head position

What are the peripheral vestibular organs? - Answer✔️✔️-- semicircular
canals

- otolith organs

What is the function of the semicircular canals? - Answer✔️✔️-- respond to
head movement (turning) by detecting angular acceleration

Describe the structure of the semicircular ducts. - Answer✔️✔️-- each has
swelling on end (ampulla)

- inside ampulla is a gelatinous mass (cupula)

- cupula sits on top of hair cells

- kinocilium and stereocilia protrude out of hair cells in cupula

Name the three perpendicular semicircular ducts. - Answer✔️✔️-1) superior

2) lateral

3) posterior




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,©SOPHIABENNET@2024/2025 Tuesday, August 20, 2024 10:21 AM

Describe how kinocilium and stereocilia work together to general a
membrane potential. - Answer✔️✔️-- get bend by movement of cupula
during angular acceleration

- bending causes change in membrane potential of hair cells, which
synapse on primary vestibular neurons

- mechanosensitive ion channels in stereocilia (movement of stereocilia
cause change in Vm)

Describe the movement of stereocilia in relation to the kinocilum to result
in depolarization or hyperpolarization. - Answer✔️✔️-1) depolarization -
stereocilia move towards kinocilium

2) hyperpolarization - stereocilia move away from kinocilium

3) resting - no movement of stereocilia

What are the two otolith organs? - Answer✔️✔️-1) utricle - horizontal with
respect to head

2) saccule - vertical with respect to head

What are the main functions of the otolith organs? - Answer✔️✔️-- respond
to head position and linear acceleration

Describe the otolith organs. - Answer✔️✔️-- contain hair cells

- otolithic membrane (contains CaCO3) sits on top of hair cells

- suspended in macula




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,©SOPHIABENNET@2024/2025 Tuesday, August 20, 2024 10:21 AM

Describe how head position information is transmitted. - Answer✔️✔️--
when head position changes, membrane bends top of the hair cells

- same as in cupula with kinocilium and stereocilia

Describe the central connections of the vestibular system. - Answer✔️✔️-
primary vestibular neurons (bipolar neurons) have dendrites innervating
hair cells, CB in vestibular ganglion axon going to CNS (form vestibular
nerve)

- vestibular nerve joins to cochlear division => vestibulocochlear nerve

- vestibulocochlear nerve enters brainstem at pontomedullary sulcus;
synapse in vestibular nuclear complex

- some axons bypass vestibular nuclear complex and go straight to CE via
inferior cerebellar peduncles

What are the nuclei of the vestibular nuclear complex (VNC)? -
Answer✔️✔️-1) interior vestibular nucleus

2) lateral vestibular nucleus

3) superior vestibular nucleus

4) medial vestibular nucleus

What are the inputs to the VNC? - Answer✔️✔️-1) primary vestibular
neurons

2) projections from flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum




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, ©SOPHIABENNET@2024/2025 Tuesday, August 20, 2024 10:21 AM

3) projections from spinal cord carrying info about posture and body
orientation; these arrive directly as spinovestibular fibres traveling with
posterior spinocerebellar tract, or indirectly via CE or RF

4) projections from contralateral vestibular nuclei

Where do the outputs from the VPN? - Answer✔️✔️-- Cerebellum

- spinal cord (lateral/medial vestibulospinal)

- thalamus and then to parietal lobe of cortex, leading to conscious
awareness of equilibrium and spatial orientation

- cranial motor nuclei of extraocular muscles (CN III, IV, VI) via MLF

- RF including centre controlling vomiting

- contralateral vestibular nuclei

What is the function of the lateral vestibulospinal tract and how does it
project on the spinal cord? - Answer✔️✔️-- projects to all levels of ipsilateral
spinal cord

- leads to postural changes in response to body tilt

What is the function of the medial vestibulospinal tract and how does it
project on the spinal cord? - Answer✔️✔️-- projects bilaterally to cervical
spinal cord

- responsible for postural changes of neck muscles




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