Ischemia - answer✔✔inadequate blood supply to organ or other parts of the body
Hypoxia - answer✔✔Low oxygen saturation of the body, not enough oxygen in the blood
hypoxemia - answer✔✔deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
Perfusion - answer✔✔The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues
of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
Why are newborns at risk for gas exchange deficiencies - answer✔✔Reduced lung capacity and
increased lung compliance
Why are children at risk for gas exchange impairment - answer✔✔Decreased alveolar surface
and increased exposure to respiratory pathogens
Why are older adults at risk for gas exchange impairment - answer✔✔Chest wall increase in
stiffness
Loss of elastic recoil
Less tidal volume capacity
What is a barreled chest? - answer✔✔Barrel chest is a visible symptom of COPD, emphysema,
osteoarthritis, and CF
What is an ABG test? - answer✔✔arterial blood gas test
endoscopy/bronchoscopy - answer✔✔Bronchoscopy is a procedure to look directly at the
airways in the lungs using a thin, lighted tube (bronchoscope)
Examples of primary prevention for gas exchange impairment - answer✔✔Infection Control
Smoking Cessation
Immunizations
Preventing postoperative complications(DVT, Pneumonia)
Collaborative Interventions for impaired gas exchange - answer✔✔Pharmacotherpy - Albuterol,
steroid inhalers
Oxygen Therapy - Limit to 2 Liters unless ordered
Chest Physiotherapy
Postural Drainage - Position changes
Invasive Procedures - Chest tubes, thoracentesis
Nutrition
What is asthma? - answer✔✔Constricting of the airway due to inflammation and muscular
contraction of the bronchioles. Also called Reactive Airway Disease
What is COPD? - answer✔✔Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Irreversible decrease in
the ability to force air out of the lungs.
Symptoms of COPD - answer✔✔History of progressive shortness of breath, excessive cough,
and sputum production.
Patients with predominantly emphysematous COPD may have dry cough, weight loss,
tachycardia, hypertension
What is pneumonia? - answer✔✔infection of lungs where theres fluid or pus in the alveoli; poor
gas exchange
What is anemia? - answer✔✔a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability(hemoglobin) of the blood
or low RBC count
What is a pulmonary embolism? - answer✔✔clot dislodged from peripheral venous system into
pulmonary arterial system. S/S: dyspnea, sudden chest pain, tachycardia, low BP, tachypnea, low
O2 saturation, cyanosis. Treatment: oxygen, semi-fowlers position, fluids, monitor vital signs
often, ECG, ABG, Heparin, cardiopulmonary support.
What is the blood PH? - answer✔✔7.35-7.45
What is acidic blood PH? - answer✔✔Below 7.35
What is alkalotic blood PH? - answer✔✔Above 7.45
What would increased diarrhea do to body PH? - answer✔✔Acidosis
What would increased vomitting do to body PH? - answer✔✔Alkalosis
Normal Range of PCO2 in blood - answer✔✔35-45 mmHg
Where is HCO3- found? - answer✔✔extracellular fluid
What is Kussmaul breathing? - answer✔✔rapid, deep, labored breathing
*due to metabolic acidosis*
What is Guillain-Barre syndrome?(respiratory acidosis) - answer✔✔An autoimmune disease in
which the peripheral nerves become inflammed. Results in numbness and paralysis in the legs,
upper body, and face. Level of independence depends on extent of paralysis.
What are the lab values of respiratory Acidosis? - answer✔✔low pH
increased PCO2
increased HCO3- compensation
What are the lab values of respiratory alkalosis? - answer✔✔high pH
dec PCO2
dec HCO3 - compensation
What are the lab values of metabolic acidosis? - answer✔✔low pH
low HCO3
low PCO2 - compensation
What are the lab values of metabolic alkalosis? - answer✔✔high pH
high HCO3
high PCO2 - compensation
symptoms of respiratory alkalosis - answer✔✔lightheadedness, tremors, tinnitus; panic feeling,
difficulty concentrating, sensation of chest tightness; seizures and circumoral and distal
extremity paresthesia's
symptoms of metabolic acidosis - answer✔✔-Headache, lethargy
-Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
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