Key Topic 2 Summary Hodder GCSE History for Edexcel: Superpower relations and the Cold War, 1941-91 - History
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Hodder GCSE History for Edexcel: Superpower relations and the Cold War, 1941-91
Summary of key topic 2 of GCSE Edexcel Superpower relations covering the Berlin Crisis (1961), Cuban Missile Crisis, and Czechoslovakia (Prague Spring Reforms, 1968). Key detailed notes with all necessary information to get full marks. Written by a GCSE grade 9 student who achieved full marks in hi...
Key Topic 3 Summary Hodder GCSE History for Edexcel: Superpower relations and the Cold War, 1941-91 - History
Key Topic One Summary Hodder GCSE History for Edexcel: Superpower relations and the Cold War, 1941-91 - History
GCSE Cold War Edexcel Mind Map
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Key Topic 2 - Cold War Crises
USA leadership:
1953-61 Eisenhower
1961-63 JFK
1963-69 Lyndon B Johnson
Soviet leadership:
1953-64 Nikita Khrushchev
1964-82 Brezhnev
The Berlin Crisis, 1961
problems in Germany/Berlin pre-1958:
Division of Berlin in 1945
Berlin Crisis of 1948-49/Berlin Airlift
West Germany joining NATO, 1955
West Germany joining European Economic Community, 1957
Reasons for tension in Berlin, 1958-61
Refugee problem in Berlin
4 million East Germans fled to the West. The Soviet/Communist way
1949-61 was unpopular. Moreover the shortage of consumer goods and these
could be bought for cheap in West Germany.
number of refugees increased rapidly to 20,000/month. Many were
professionals and skilled craftsmen so this drain of labour and
Jan 1961
economic output threatened the economic collapse of E Germany.
Berlin was a gap in the Iron Curtain.
Khrushchev’s Berlin ultimatum, 1958
Key Topic 2 - Cold War Crises 1
, 1958, Khrushchev accused the Allies of breaking Potsdam agreements, telling
them they should leave Berlin in six months so that Berlin could become a neutral
free city.
Eisenhower was prepared to negotiate not wanting war. Khrushchev visits USA in
1959 and hopes for a summit meeting.
Paris Summit, May 1960
Khrushchev and Eisenhower set to meet in Paris, 14 May 1960.
9 days prior, the USSR shot down an American U-2 spy plane (arms race) near a
Soviet city. The pilot was captured and put on trial. Khrushchev demanded these
flights stop and an apology for spying. Eisenhower willing to stop flights but not
apologise.
Khrushchev walked out of preliminary meetings and Eisenhower’s visit to the
USSR cancelled. Summit did not take place.
Vienna Summit, June 1961
Newly elected president JFK who re-asserted the Truman Doctrine.
Khrushchev demanded that western forces leave West Berlin threatening a treaty
with E Germany to end all occupation rights inc Western access to Berlin. JFK
refused and increased US defence spending by $3.5 billion. In July, Khrushchev
increased defence budget by 30%.
Construction of the Berlin Wall, 1961
13 August:
Khrushchev closed East-West Berlin border with a 27 mile long barbed wire
fence. Within a few days the Wall was erected with chain fences and minefields.
A new wall 3.6m high and 1.2m wide was impossible to climb. Also dogs and
soldiers patrolled, trip-wire machine guns.
USA did nothing.
Impact of the Wall on US-Soviet Relations
A serious stand-off in Oct 1961.
Key Topic 2 - Cold War Crises 2
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