NUR3503 END SEM EXAM –ASSESSMENT 3-PAEDIATRICS 2024-2025
EXAM |ACTUAL COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS ) ALREADY GRADED A+.
How are children physically different to adults? - ANSWER-- Head is
large compared to the adult
- Often in newborns it exceeds the circumference of the chest
- Anterior and posterior fontanelles
- Muscles lack tone, power and coordination
- Arms and legs are shorter and underdeveloped at birth
- Midpoint in length on a child is umbilicus
- Midpoint in length on an adult is the symphysis pubis
- Disproportionate abdomen is due to the large liver and small pelvis
What are musculoskeletal system differences between the adult and
child? - ANSWER-- Skeletal strength and endurance increases with
age
- Protuberant abdomen
-At birth spinal column has only the anterior curvature -
Cervical and lumbar curvature begin with holding head up and
walking
- Small facial sinuses (10-12 years)
What are Central Nervous System differences between the adult and
child? - ANSWER-The brain of the neonate is relatively large
,- 1/10 of the weight as compared to 1/50 of adult
- The brain grows rapidly commensurate with age
- Fontenelle's close at 18 months to 2 years as the brain grows
Spinal Cord
- Neuronal development finishes at age 12
- Myelination is not complete until age 3
- Primitive reflexes (Moro, grasp) disappear with myelination *THEY
HAVE Higher metabolic rate, higher oxygen needs, higher calorie
need
What are Integumentary system differences between the adult and
child? - ANSWER-Growth is regulated and adjusted to variations in
surface area
Thin structure - 1mm thick at birth
4% of Total Birth Weight in the newborn
Body Surface Area measurement important in children -why?
- Functionally matures during early childhood
- Production of sebum is minimal
- Eccrine glands are functional but immature
Cardiovascular differences - ANSWER-At birth the right & left
ventricles are essentially the same in size & wall thickness
During the 1st month of life Right Ventricle dominant
4-6 months Left Ventricle dominant
• By four weeks the LV weighs more than the RV (2 months twice the
weight)
,• Cardiac muscle fibres increase over childhood
• Cardiac Output is related to Heart Rate not only Stroke Volume
• Blood pressure rises
• Total blood volume 70-80mls/kg
Respiratory system differences - ANSWER-Trachea is short and soft
Large tongue
Airway resistance is high
Epiglottis is horseshoe shaped, posterior at 45 degree angle
Infants <6 months - obligate nasal breathers
Rely on diaphragm
Compliant chest wall
Outward recoil of the thorax is very low
5 yrs to puberty lung weight increases three fold
Lung and alveolar growth and size and maturation of tissues by 8 yrs
Why is fluid homeostasis important? - ANSWER-Newborn 70 - 80 %
Water
Full term infants have a large % of TBW (total body water) & Extra
Cellular Fluid
TBW decreases with age mainly as a result of loss of water in ECF
fluid
Fluid turnover is 7 times greater than that of an adult
Altered fluid balance can have catastrophic consequences
, Organ perfusion and metabolism count on adequate hydration Infants
and children are at a much higher risk for developing rapid
dehydration
pertussis (whooping cough)
poliomyelitis (polio)
measles mumps
rubella
haemophilus influenzae type b infections HIB
HPV
Hepatitis
Herpes Zoster
Answering Concerns about vaccinations - ANSWER-Listen, most
questions answered by nurses, access information sites
Don't push
Keep up to date
Anticipated reactions
- Links to Autism, asthma
- Developmental delays
- Unanticipated adverse reactions
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - ANSWER-(level 1) Physiological
Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and
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