Cellular and Molecular Biology Exam Questions and Answers.
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Course
Biochemistry
Institution
Biochemistry
prokaryote - Answersno nuclear membrane, no organelles except ribosomes, circular DNA, usually bacteria
how quickly can prokaryotes reproduce - Answersevery 20 mins
eukaryote - Answerscell with organelles and DNA, can be unicellular or multicellular
what is the cytoskeleton composed of - Answers...
Cellular and Molecular Biology Exam Questions and Answers.
prokaryote - Answersno nuclear membrane, no organelles except ribosomes, circular
DNA, usually bacteria
how quickly can prokaryotes reproduce - Answersevery 20 mins
eukaryote - Answerscell with organelles and DNA, can be unicellular or multicellular
what is the cytoskeleton composed of - Answersmicrotubules, actin filaments and
intermediate filaments
cell membrane of eukaryote - Answersdouble membrane around the nucleus,
selectively permeable, phospholipid bilayer, fluid mosaic model
fluid mosaic model - Answersproteins and phospholipids can move laterally
describe the physiology of mitochondria - Answerssmooth outer membrane, permeable
to ions and small molecules, glycolipids and glycoproteins, highly folded inner
membrane (cristae) which is impermeable
define glycolipid - Answerslipids with a carbohydrate attatched to them - increases cell
stability
glycoproteins define - Answersproteins with a carbohydrate attached
mitochondrial matrix - Answersthe part of the mitochondria which does not contain
membranes - contains DNA
endoplasmic reticulum - physiology - Answersnetwork of sacs and tubules (cisternae)
endoplasmic reticulum - function - Answersrough ER - ribosomes - protein synthesis
smooth ER - no ribosomes - lipid synthesis
golgi apparatus - physiology - Answersflattened sacs - pancake stack
golgi apparatus - function - Answerssynthesise and package molecules to be secreted
from the cell
what is the cell membrane permeable to - Answerssmall hydrophobic and small
uncharged polar molecules - eg. o2, co2, N2, benzene, h2o, glycerol, ethanol
what is the cell membrane impermeable to - Answerslarge uncharged polar molecules -
eg. amino acids, glucose, nucleotides, h+, NA+, HCO3-, K+, Cl-
ribosomes function - Answerssite of protein synthesis
how was mitochondria formed - Answersendosymbiosis -An ancestral eukaryotic cell
ingested, but did not digest an aerobic bacterium, which over time evolved into a
mitochondrion.
how did chloroplasts form? - Answersendosymbiosis - An ancestral eukaryote ingested,
but did not digest a photosynthetic bacterium, which over time evolved into a chloroplast
chloroplast physiology - Answersdouble membrane
outer membrane is permeable to ions and small molecules
inner membrane is impermeable
thylakoids
lumen
stroma
define thylakoid - Answersinside a chloroplast, formed by folded membranes, they're
folded into stacks called grana (grana have light harvesting pigments and synthesise
ATP)
define lumen in chloroplasts - Answersspace between thylakoids
, Stroma - Answerscolourless fluid surrounding the thylakoids and grana inside the inner
membrane
golgi apparatus distinct orientation - Answerscis face - adjacent to ER
trans face - point towards plasma membrane
vacuoles function - Answerssite of degradation in plants, they also act as storage
organs, detoxification sites
define peroxisomes - Answerssmall microbody - site of detoxification in both humans
and plants
exocytic (exocytosis) pathway - Answersmovement of substances from inside the cell to
the outside
1. proteins synthesised in ER sent to golgi
2. golgi packages proteins in vesicles for transport
3.travel through golgi - continuing to glysate
4. reach the trans face of the golgi and are excreted to the cell membrane
define glycosylation - Answersjoining sugar molecules to proteins
cytoskeleton define - Answersa network of protein filaments that extends through the
cytoplasm
three parts of the cytoskeleton - Answers1. actin filaments
2. intermediate filaments
3. microtubules
function of the cytoskeleton - Answerssupport, shape, motility, cell division
actin filaments - cytoskeleton - function - Answerscell shape, motility, muscle
contraction
actin filaments - structure - Answerssubunits - globular actin
filaments - twisted into chains
intermediate filaments - Answerssubunits - intermediate proteins
twisted together like rope
found in - cytoplasm of animals and nucleus
which of the three cytoskeleton components is the strongest - Answersintermediate
filaments
cytoskelton - microtubules - Answersfound in all eukaryotic cells
subunits - tubulin dimer a and b
dimers stack into filaments which forms the wall of the tubule
what is a tubulin dimer - Answersa microtubule sub unit
function and location of microtubules in cytoskeleton - Answersfunction - intracellular
organisation, mitosis
location - extend from spindles and centromeres
why do polar covalent bonds occur - Answerswhen you bind two electrons with a
difference in electronegativity you get a positive or negative charge depending on how
much they differ
hydrogen bonds - Answers1/20th of the force you get from a covalent bond
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