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MICR 2123 Final Exam Questions With Detailed Answers
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MICR 2123 Final Exam Questions With Detailed Answers Archaea Diversity - Answer-Methanogens are strictly anaerobic. The uses 1C or 2C sources to produce CH4. Uses cofactors methanofuran and coenzyme M. Grow in anaerobic habitats such as anaerobic soils, landfills, digestive tracts, and marine be...

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  • August 28, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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Archaea Diversity - Answer-Methanogens are strictly anaerobic. The uses 1C or 2C
sources to produce CH4. Uses cofactors methanofuran and coenzyme M. Grow in
anaerobic habitats such as anaerobic soils, landfills, digestive tracts, and marine
benthic sediments.

/.Assimilation - Answer-Process by which organisms acquire an element to build into
cells from an inorganic source. Carried out by primary producers. CO2 Fixation, N2
Fixation, Photosynthesis.

/.ATP - Answer-Energy storage molecule in the cell.

/.Autotroph - Answer-Carbon source is inorganic (CO2)

/.Bacterial Growth Stages - Answer-Lag: Prepare for growth
Log: Actual growth
Stationary: No growth, stress response start
Death: No nutrients and cells start to die off

/.Benefits of Commensals - Answer-Make vitamins and digest food.
Prevent colonization by pathogens.

/.Catabolism - Answer-Breakdown of complex food molecules to smaller ones to make
ATP, which will be used for building.

/.Cell Membrane - Answer-A semi-permeable membrane that enclosed the cytoplasm.
Made up of a phospholipid bilayer and studded with proteins.

/.Cell Wall - Answer-Made up of peptidoglycan, which is made up of repeating
disaccharide units NAM and NAG, and amino acids.

/.Chemotroph - Answer-Energy sources is chemical

/.CO2 Fixation - Answer-A biosynthetic process that converts inorganic CO2 into an
organic C form. Done in the Calvin Cycle using rubisco. Carried out by green plants and
cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria uses carboxysome structures.

/.Conjugation - Answer-Type of horizontal gene transfer. Requires cell-to-cell contact
and for the donor cell to have sex pili to transfer the plasmid DNA.

/.Control of Gene Expression: DNA Level - Answer-Most drastic and least reversible.
Mutate the gene.

, /.Control of Gene Expression: Post-Transcription Level - Answer-Modify mRNA stability
using Rnases.

/.Control of Gene Expression: Post-Translation Level - Answer-Modify the protein made
by chemical modification or just cleave the protein out.

/.Control of Gene Expression: Transcription Level - Answer-Activators and repressors,
as well as modify the activity and concentration of sigma factor.

/.Control of Gene Expression: Translation Level - Answer-Translation repressor proteins

/.Dissimilation - Answer-Process of breaking down organic nutrients into inorganic
materials. Carried out by consumers and decomposers. Respiration and fermentation.

/.Divergence - Answer-Occurs over time through random mutation, natural selection,
and reductive evolution.

/.DNA Bonds - Answer-Phosphodiester bonds for nucleotides on the same strand, and
Hydrogen bonds for nucleotides on opposite strands.

/.DNA Polymerase - Answer-Star enzyme of replication. Lays down the complementary
bases.

/.DNA Structure - Answer-Made up of nucleotides, which are made up of a phosphate
base, deoxyribose, and a nitrogen base (A=T and C-=G). Strands are complementary to
each other, as well as anti-parallel.

/.Domains of Life - Answer-Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

/.Electron Carrier - Answer-Such as NADH; all have 2 forms in the cell, an oxidized form
(e- acceptor) and a reduced form (e- donor).

/.Electron Microscopy - Answer-Uses beams of electrons to examine small specimens.

/.Endosymbiosis - Answer-A type of symbiosis when one partner grows within the body
of another.

/.ETS End - Answer-Ends by movement of electrons from the last component to the
terminal acceptor. If the acceptor is O2, the process in aerobic. If the acceptor is not O2
(sulfate, nitrate) the process is anaerobic.

/.ETS Start - Answer-Kick started when the electron donor donates electrons. If donor is
organic (NADH) the process is respiration. If the donor is inorganic (H2, H2S, NH3) the
process is lithotrophy.

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