Summary sheets that I made preparing for my history a-level British Empire exam. I received an A at History Alevel and these notes provide you with the facts and essay points that easily award you marks in an exam. They include timelines and essay plans from across the breadth study specification
North Africa
Hinderances to British action:
The Capitulations:
Protects Europeans from Muslim laws against Christians – so a foreigner could claim the right to be tried in their own country’s law courts – just slowed down law making
The Caisse de la Dette:
Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy and Russia Baring Eldon Gorst
Controlled Egypt’s finances and half the countries revenue went to paying European bond-holders.
Could prevent British consul general from spending money on matters they disapprove.
Mixed Courts: Eldon Gorst reforms:
Deal with cases with Egyptians and Europeans and was presided by Egyptians and Egyptian judges not always supportive of British –
After Fashoda Incident 1898- French and British grew closer
- brought more Egyptians into responsible government positions in an
attemptofto
1904 -Britain and France signed the Entente Cordiale – France agreed to respect Britain’s rights in Egypt in return for recognition of French takeover weaken the Egyptian nationalist party.
Morroco.
- imposed tighter censorship on the press – 1909 and used penal methods
Evelyn Barings reforms (Lord Cromer) to attempt to stop the growing nationalism
-British Consul General
-had a partially elected parliament consisting of – Advisory council of laws and general assembly
-number of British in positions of control increased
-1885 – 100
-1905 – over 1,000 Herbert Kitchener:
Finances: Military: Social 1913 – new legislative assembly replaced the Advisory council of laws and
- Tried to regularise Egyptian - placed 6000 British troops to - introduced better sanitation
financial affairs – Isma ‘il Pasha ensure British interests were not and conditions for Egyptian general assembly – consisting of 66 elected members and 17 appointed
left £70 million debt. jeopardised by military or labourers nominees
Made cutbacks to Egypt’s popular disturbances. - population increased This represented rich landowners – rather than the ordinary people – British
military and bureaucracy. - army under the command of 710million superiority/racial superiority shown.
- Revitalised the economy – Herbert Kitchener - Baring concerned about
improved communications and educating the Egyptians – saw it
- ww1 approaching – Britain unilaterally declared a protectorate over
invested in irrigation schemes. gave a rise to nationalism in Egypt 1914 – still had access to Suez canal
- Within 10 years – exports of India – Egyptians rarely offered
cotton and sugar x3 more than a few years of
schooling – not until 1909 that
University of Cairo was founded
OPPOSITION:
- growing middle class nationalist movement – attacked British for failing to deal with the Khedive’s gov in the first place and neglected the poor
- it was said that Britain failed to promote the cloth making industry – would have provided job for the unemployed
Nationalist party – al – Hizb al- watani attracted educated Egyptians and wanted the end of British control – Cromer largely ignored their demands – did appoint a nationalist leader as minister for education.
Denshawai incident 1906- PIGEON
Series of misunderstanding and British being heavy handed.
British officers were pigeon-shooting for sport, but the pigeons were bred by the villages for food and there was a conflict resulting in the arrest of 52 villagers.
Foreign threats:
Kaiser sent a telegram in support to the Transvaal after the Jameson raid and
supplied the Boers with weapons during the second Boer war.
Southern Africa: Consequences:
1886- Gold discovered at Witwatersrand – 3000 Utilanders flocked into the Transvaal 1902 Treaty of Vereeniging –
1895 – gold seeking Utilanders denied citizenship and voting rights by Boer government - granted Boers £3 million compensation to restore farms
1895 – Jameson Raid – 500 mounted police, badly equipped, ill-trained and were easily defeated – led to – scorched earth policy
increased nationalism of the Boers - unification of SA 1910 – became independent dominion
Kruger became the hero and formed an anti-British ‘Afrikaner Bond’ to show their solidarity. - Transvaal self gov 1906
Chamberlain – supported the Jameson raid – didn’t want war but wouldn’t accept any weakening of British
influence in the cape colony National efficiency
1899 – Bloemfontein conference – Milner demanded voting rights, Kruger issued ultimatum to remove British - military changes
troops – British refused - people’s health and education
1899-1902 Second Boer war - £250 million, 22 000 British
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