©SOPHIABENNETT@2024-2025 Sunday, August 25, 2024 2:42 PM
CHA exam 4 Study Guide with Complete Solutions
Anatomy of Upper Airways - Answer✔️✔️-NOTE:
-epiglottis
-pharynx
-larynx
Anatomy of Lower Airway - Answer✔️✔️-
Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve - Answer✔️✔️--When the need for
oxygen is greater in tissues, hemoglobin will dissociate oxygen even faster
than when tissues have less need for oxygen
-Ex: during an MI, blood flow to the area is reduced, but the hemoglobin
that does reach the area unloads oxygen at a faster rate to prevent cardiac
muscle cell death (compensate)
hemoptysis - Answer✔️✔️-coughing up blood
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - Answer✔️✔️-sudden awakening from
sleeping with shortness of breath
Fremitus - Answer✔️✔️-a palpable vibration from the spoken voice felt over
the chest wall
Crepitus - Answer✔️✔️-a grating sound or sensation produced by friction
between bone and cartilage or the fractured parts of a bone.
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Orthopnea - Answer✔️✔️-ability to breathe only in an upright position
-hard time breathing when laying down
Classification of Dyspnea - Answer✔️✔️-Class 1 (ADL 4): no significant
restrictions in normal activity. Employable. Dyspnea occurs only on more-
than-normal or strenuous exertion
Class 2 (ADL 3): independent in essential ADLs but restricted in some
other activities. Dyspneic on climbing stairs or on walking on an incline but
not on level walking. Employable for only a sedentary job or under special
circumstances
CLass 3 (ADL 2): dyspnea commonly occurs during usual activities, like
showering or dressing, but the patient can manage without assistance from
others. Not dyspneic at rest; can walk for more than a city block at own
pace but cannot keep up with others of own age. May stop to catch breath
partway or up a flight of stairs. Is probably not employable in any
occupation.
Class 4 (ADL 1): dyspnea produces dependence on help in some essential
ADLs such as dressing and bathing. Not usually dyspneic at rest. Dyspneic
on minimal exertion; must pause on climbing one flight, walking more
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than 100 yards or dressing. Often restricted to home if lives alone. Has
minimal or no activites outside the home.
Class 5 (ADL 0): entirely restricted to home and often limited to bed or
chair. Dyspneic at rest. Dependent on help for most needs.
Fine crackles, fine rales, high pitched rales - Answer✔️✔️--popping,
discontinuous sounds caused by air moving into previously deflated
airways
-sounds like hair being rolled between fingers near the ear
-"velcro" sounds late in inspiration usually associated with restrictive
disorders
Associated with: asbestosis, atelectasis, interstitial fibrosis, bronchitis,
pneumonia, COPD
Coarse crackles, low-pitched crackles - Answer✔️✔️--Lower-pitched, coarse,
rattling sounds caused by fluid or secretions in large airways;
-likely to change with coughing or suctioning
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Associated with: bronchitis, pneumonia, tumors, pulmonary edema
Wheeze - Answer✔️✔️--Squeaky, musical, continuous sounds associated
with air rushing through narrowed airways, may be heard without a
stethoscope
-arise from small airways
-usually do not clear with coughing
Associated with: inflammation, bronchospasm, edema, secretions, asthma,
pulmonary vessel enlargement
Rhoncus (rhonchi) - Answer✔️✔️--lower pitched, coarse, continuous snoring
sounds
-arise from the large airways
Associated with: thick tenacious secretions, sputum production,
obstruction by foreign body, tumors
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