©SOPHIABENNETT@2024-2025 Monday, August 26, 2024 6:09 AM
CMN1160 – exam Study Guide with
Complete Solutions
Introduction - Answer✔️✔️-Media and communications policy must adapt
to changes in the communications environment
Convergence - Answer✔️✔️--The digital merging of technologies, media
forms, and media industries
-conflicts between international trade agreements and national
communications policy
Interactivity - Answer✔️✔️-We are quickly adapting to a mediascape in
which we have increasing choice about how, when, and where we
consume media
Trade between the US and Canada - Answer✔️✔️-If no Canadian cultural
policies were in place, American productions would easily flood our
marketplace
CUSMA (Canada, United States, Mexico Agreement) - Answer✔️✔️--
Canadian cultural exemptions were made in the original 1987 NAFTA
agreement, but exceptions would allow the US to retaliate and seek
financial redress
-CUSMA extends free trade provisions to "digital trade"
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WTO - Answer✔️✔️-There are no general exemption for cultural industries
under the WTO
Convention on the production and promotion of the diversity of cultural
expressions (UNESCO, 2005) - Answer✔️✔️--Canadian was first to ratify
-this convention has not been signed by the US and to date has no bearing
on international trade law
Creative Canada Policy Framework - Answer✔️✔️--The Department of
Heritage (2017)
-series of proposed policy measures to bolster national creative or cultural
industries (ex. tax credits, copyright reform, strengthening public
broadcasting)
Telecommunications Act (1993) - Answer✔️✔️--defines telecommunications
as "the emission, transmission or reception of intelligence by any wire,
cable, radio, optical or other electromagnetic system, or by any similar
technical system"
-until 1996, telecommunications and broadcasting treated as separate
industries
Convergence Policy Statement (1996) - Answer✔️✔️--government intended
to break down barriers between telecommunications, broadcasting, and
cable markets
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-allowed telephone and cable companies to buy TV, radio, and newspaper
companies
Federal government struck a panel to review the broadcasting and
telecommunications acts in June 2018 - Answer✔️✔️--review panel will
consider hot to "best support the creation, production and distribution of
Canadian content in both French and English - and focus on updating and
modernizing the broadcasting system"
-scheduled to report its finding in January 2020, with legislative changes to
follow
Telecommunications - $50.3 billion industry with six subsectors: -
Answer✔️✔️--local wireline telephone service
-long-distance wireline telephone service
-internet services
-data transmission
-private line
-wireless services
*five largest companies (Bell, Quebecor, Rogers, Shaw, Telus) generate 87%
of revenues
Canadian Radio-television and telecommunications commission (CRTC) -
Answer✔️✔️--enforces the telecommunications act
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-directed to interfere with market forces as little as possible
-four basic principles: transparency, fairness, predictability, and timeliness
-has refrained from regulation mobile, retail internet, international,
satellite, and long-distance telephone services
-intervenes in areas regarding tariffs and the licensing of International
telecommunications services
*the telecommunications act stipulates that telecom companies must be
Canadian-owned and controlled
Key policy issues in telecommunications: convergence; affordability and
access; foreign investment - Answer✔️✔️-- Vertical integration between
content and carriage raises issues such as ability of independently owned
TV networks to access distribution networks
- "Canadians pay some of the highest prices in the industrialized world for
cellphone plans" (Harris, 2018)
- Increasing foreign ownership of Canadian telecommunications companies
sometimes touted as away to lower costs and increase access
- However, might be difficult to make foreign companies comply with
Canadian regulations (ex. Netflix)
Broadcasting - Answer✔️✔️--Broadcasting is a $17.9-billion industry that
includes radio and television, as well as the distribution services of cable
and satellite.
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