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CHAPTER-02 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
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CHAPTER-02 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
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CBSE Quick Revision Notes (Class-11 Biology)CHAPTER-03 PLANT KINGDOM
Eukaryotic, multicellular, chlorophyll containing and having cell wall, are grouped the
kingdom Plantae, popularly known as plant kingdom.
Phylogenetic system of classification based on evolutionary relationship is presently used for
classifying plants.
Numerical Taxonomy use computer by assigning code for each character and analyzing the
features.
Cytotaxonomy is based on cytological information like chromosome number, structure and
behavior.
Chemotaxonomy uses chemical constituents of plants to resolve the confusion.
Plant
kingddom
Cryptogamae
Phanerogamae
(Plants without
seeds) (Plants with seeds)
a. Thallophyta d. Gymnosperms
b. Bryophyta e. Angiosperms
c. Pteridophyta
Thallophyta- Comprises the simplest plants which possess undifferentiated or thallus like
forms, reproductive organs single celled called gametangia. It includes only Algae.
Characteristic of Algae
• Plant body is thallus, which may be unicellular, colonial, filamentous or parenchymatous.
• Usually aquatic but a few are also found in moist terrestrial habitats like tree trunks, wet
rocks, moist soil etc.
• Vascular tissues and mechanical tissues are absent.
• Reproduction is vegetative by fragmentation, asexual by spore formation (zoospores) and
sexual reproduction by fusion of two gametes which may be Isogamous (Spirogyra),
Anisogamous (Chlamydomonous) or Oogamous (Volvox).
• Life cycle is various- haplontic, diplontic or diplohanlontic.
Algae
Chlorophyceae Phaecophceae Rhodophyceae
(Green Algae) (Brown Algae) (Red Algae)
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, Green Algae Brown Algae Red Algae
Mostly fresh water and sub Mostly marine. Mostly marine.
aerial.
Unicellular organisms Unicellular species are Unicellular species fewer.
abundant. absent.
Chlorophyll a and b type. Chlorophyll a and c type. Chlorophyll a and d type.
Reserve food is starch Reserve food is laminarin. Reserve food is floridean
starch.
Cell wall is of cellulose. Cell wall contains cellulose Cell wall contains cellulose
and algin. and poly-sulphate esters.
Fucoxanthin is absent Fucoxanthin present. Phycoerythrine is present.
Zoospores presen. Zoospores present. Zoospores absent.
Chlamydomonas, Ulothrix, Focus, Sargassum, Polysiphonia, Gelidium,
spirogyra. ectocarpus. Porphyra etc.
Economic importance-
(i) A number of brown algae ( Laminaria, Sargassum) are used as food in some countries.
(ii) Fucus and Laminaria are rich source of Iodine.
(iii) Laminaria and Ascophyllum have antibiotic properties.
(iv) Alginic acid is obtained from Fucus and Sargassum, which is used as emulsions.
Bryophytes – They are non-vascular mosses and liverworts that grow in moist shady region.
They are called amphibians of plants kingdom because these plants live on soil but
dependent on water for sexual reproduction.
Characteristic features-
• Live in damp and shady habitats, found to grow during rainy season on damp soil, rocks,
walls etc.
• The dominant phase or plant body is free living gametophyte.
• Roots are absent but contain rhizoids
• Vegetative reproduction is by fragmentation, tubers, gemmae, buds etc. sex organs are
multicellular and jacketed. Antheridium and archegonium produce male and female gametes
called antherozoids and egg or oospore.
• Sporophyte is parasite on gametophyte.
Bryophytes
Hepaticopsida Bryopsida
(Liverworts)
(Mosses)
Liverworts
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