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CHAPTER-05 MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
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CHAPTER-05 MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
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CBSE Quick Revision Notes (Class-11 Biology)CHAPTER-05 MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
Morphology is the branch of biological science that deals with the study of form, size, colour,
structure and relative position of various parts of organisms.
Importance of morphology-
a. Knowledge of morphology is essential for recognition or identification of plants.
b. It gives information about the range of variations found in a species.
c. Deficiency and toxicity symptoms are morphological changes that occur in response to
shortage or excess of minerals.
Parts of Flowering Plants-
All the flowering plants have roots, stem, leaves,
flower and fruits. The underground parts of flowering
plant are the root system and the portion above the
ground forms the shoot system.
The Root
In Dicotyledons, elongation of radicle forms the
primary roots which bears lateral roots of several
orders called secondary roots, tertiary roots etc.
primary roots along with lateral roots forms the Tap
root system. Mustard, Gram etc.
In monocotyledons, primary root is replaced by large
number of roots at its base of stem to constitute the Fibrous root system. Wheat, rice
etc.
The roots that arise from other parts of plant beside radicle are called adventitious
roots. Example- Grass, Banyan tree, Maize etc.
The main function of root system are absorption of water and minerals from soil,
providing proper anchorage to the plant parts and storing reserve food materials.
Regions of Roots-
• The apex of root is covered by a thimble like
structure called root cap, it protect the tender
apex of root while making way through soil.
• Above the root cap is region of meristematic
activity having small cells with dense cytoplasm.
• The cells above the region of meristematic
activity is region of elongation where cells
under elongation and enlargement to increase the
length of root.
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, • Region of maturation contain root hairs that help in absorption of water and
minerals.
Modification of roots- Roots are modified for storage, nitrogen fixation, aeration and
support.
Tap root of carrot, turnip and adventitious root of sweet potato get swollen to store
food.
Prop root of Banyan and Stilt root of maize and sugarcane have supporting root coming
out from lower node of stems.
In Rhizophora, Pneumatophores help to get oxygen for respiration as it grows in
swampy areas.
Fleshy
Tap roots
Conical Fusiform Napiform
Carrot Radish Turnip
The Stem
The ascending part of axis bearing branches, leaves, flowers and fruits. It develops
from Plumule of the embryo.
Stem bears nodes and internodes. The region of stem where leaves are born called
nodes and portion between two nodes are called internodes.
The main function of stem is spreading branches, bearing leaves, flowers and fruits. It
also conducts water and minerals from root to leaves and product of photosynthesis.
Some stem perform special functions like storage of food, support, protection and
vegetative propagation.
Modification of stems-
Underground stem of potato, ginger and turmeric are modified to store food. They also
act as organ of perennation in unfavorable conditions.
Stem tendril help plants to climb as in cucumber, pumpkins, and grapes.
Axillary buds of stem may modify into woody, straight and pointed thorns as in Citrus
and Bougainvillea.
Plants of arid regions modify their stem to flatted (Opuntia), fleshy cylindrical
(Euphorbia) having chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
Undergound Stem
Modification
Sucker Rhizome Corm Tuber Bulb
mint, Ginger Colocasiia Potato Onion, Garlic
Chrysanthemum
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