©SOPHIABENNETT@2024-2025 Monday, August 26, 2024 6:09 AM
Thompson Rivers University (TRU)
Geology 1111 Online TRU exam Study
Guide with Complete Solutions
Lattice - Answer✔️✔️-3d structure which represents a mineral and its
unique combination of specific elements.
Halite (NaCl) - Answer✔️✔️-mineral, that is also known as salt.
Granite - Igneous - Answer✔️✔️-H: 6-7, S.G. 2.6-2.7, Streak: white, Luster:
Dull to Grainy with Sporadic parts Pearly and Vitreous
Color: Black, Grey, Orange, Pink, White
Very hard, granular, crystalline igneous rock which consists mainly of
quartz, mica, and feldspar and is often used as building stone
Ways rocks may form - Answer✔️✔️-Igneous: forms from magma that has
either cooled slowly under ground or cooled quickly at the surface after a
volcanic eruption
Sedimentary rocks: formed when weathered fragments fo other rocks are
buried, compressed, and cemented together, or when minerals precipitate
directly from a solution
1
, ©SOPHIABENNETT@2024-2025 Monday, August 26, 2024 6:09 AM
Thompson Rivers University (TRU)
Metamorphic rocks: formed by alteration (due to heat pressure and/or
chemical action) of a pre-existing igneous or sedimentary rock
difference between mineral and rock - Answer✔️✔️-a mineral is a pure
substance with a specific composition and structure whereas a rock is
typically a mixture of several different minerals.
the mantle - Answer✔️✔️-made up of iron and magnesium silicate materials.
Most of the mantle which surrounds the outer core is solid rock, but is
plastic enough to be able to flow slowly. Surrounding that part of the
mantle is a partially molten layer, the asthenosphere, and the outermost
part of the mantle which is rigid.
Asthenosphere - Answer✔️✔️-
Lithosphere - Answer✔️✔️-
tectonic plates - Answer✔️✔️-
the crust - Answer✔️✔️-Earth's outermost layer. mostly composed of granite
on the continents and mostly of basalt beneath the oceans. Is rigid. The
crust and the outermost rigid part of the mantle together make up the
lithosphere which is divided into about 20 tectonic plates that move in
different directions on earth's surface
Geothermal gradient - Answer✔️✔️-the temperature increases in the earth
with depth. approximately 30 Celsius a kilometer
2
, ©SOPHIABENNETT@2024-2025 Monday, August 26, 2024 6:09 AM
Thompson Rivers University (TRU)
convection - Answer✔️✔️-the primary driving force for the movement of
tectonic plates. the transfer of heat from the core to the mantle causing
convection, as cold from the core goes down creating circular
heating/cooling patterns. Where convection currents in the antle are
moving upward, new lithosphere forms and the plates are pushed apart
age of earth - Answer✔️✔️-4,570 million years old
Phanerozoic Eon - Answer✔️✔️-the last 542 million years in geological time
mineral - Answer✔️✔️-a naturally occurring combination of specific
elements arranged in a particular repeating three dimentional structure
Atomic number - Answer✔️✔️-the number of protons in an atom
atomic mass - Answer✔️✔️-the number of protons plus neutrons in an atom
cation - Answer✔️✔️-a positively charged ion (when an atom during a
reaction loses electrons)
anion - Answer✔️✔️-A negatively charged ion, when during transfer when
an atom gains one or more electrons in order to become a negatively
charged ion
covelant bond - Answer✔️✔️-A bond when atoms share their outermost
electrons in order to balance their charge. does not form an ion
3
, ©SOPHIABENNETT@2024-2025 Monday, August 26, 2024 6:09 AM
Thompson Rivers University (TRU)
silicates - Answer✔️✔️-minerals that contain silicon and oxygen and usually
one or more other elements, are one of the largest groups of minerals
oxides - Answer✔️✔️-compounds that have oxygen as their anion, t ut they
exclude those with oxygen complexes such as carbonate, suphate, and
silicate. have O2 as their anion,
sulphides - Answer✔️✔️-Have an S-2 anion, can also have an SO4-2 anion
halides - Answer✔️✔️-Minerals that contain a halogen ion plus one or more
other elements
Carbonates - Answer✔️✔️-Minerals that contain the elements carbon,
oxygen, and one or more other metallic elements, such as CO-3
phosphate - Answer✔️✔️-PO4 anion
Native minerals - Answer✔️✔️-single element minerals such as gold copper,
sulphur and graphite
Amphibole Structure - Answer✔️✔️-the silica tetrahedra are linked in a
double chain that has an oxygen to silicon ratio lower than that of pyroxene
and hence still fewer cations are necessary to balance the charge. Thus
more permissive than pyroxine and its comositions can be very complex
mica - Answer✔️✔️-the silica tetrahedral are arranged in continuous sheets
where each tetrahedron shares three oxygen anions with adjacent
tetrahedral. THere is more sharing of oxyen, between adjacent tetrahedral
4
Thompson Rivers University (TRU)
Geology 1111 Online TRU exam Study
Guide with Complete Solutions
Lattice - Answer✔️✔️-3d structure which represents a mineral and its
unique combination of specific elements.
Halite (NaCl) - Answer✔️✔️-mineral, that is also known as salt.
Granite - Igneous - Answer✔️✔️-H: 6-7, S.G. 2.6-2.7, Streak: white, Luster:
Dull to Grainy with Sporadic parts Pearly and Vitreous
Color: Black, Grey, Orange, Pink, White
Very hard, granular, crystalline igneous rock which consists mainly of
quartz, mica, and feldspar and is often used as building stone
Ways rocks may form - Answer✔️✔️-Igneous: forms from magma that has
either cooled slowly under ground or cooled quickly at the surface after a
volcanic eruption
Sedimentary rocks: formed when weathered fragments fo other rocks are
buried, compressed, and cemented together, or when minerals precipitate
directly from a solution
1
, ©SOPHIABENNETT@2024-2025 Monday, August 26, 2024 6:09 AM
Thompson Rivers University (TRU)
Metamorphic rocks: formed by alteration (due to heat pressure and/or
chemical action) of a pre-existing igneous or sedimentary rock
difference between mineral and rock - Answer✔️✔️-a mineral is a pure
substance with a specific composition and structure whereas a rock is
typically a mixture of several different minerals.
the mantle - Answer✔️✔️-made up of iron and magnesium silicate materials.
Most of the mantle which surrounds the outer core is solid rock, but is
plastic enough to be able to flow slowly. Surrounding that part of the
mantle is a partially molten layer, the asthenosphere, and the outermost
part of the mantle which is rigid.
Asthenosphere - Answer✔️✔️-
Lithosphere - Answer✔️✔️-
tectonic plates - Answer✔️✔️-
the crust - Answer✔️✔️-Earth's outermost layer. mostly composed of granite
on the continents and mostly of basalt beneath the oceans. Is rigid. The
crust and the outermost rigid part of the mantle together make up the
lithosphere which is divided into about 20 tectonic plates that move in
different directions on earth's surface
Geothermal gradient - Answer✔️✔️-the temperature increases in the earth
with depth. approximately 30 Celsius a kilometer
2
, ©SOPHIABENNETT@2024-2025 Monday, August 26, 2024 6:09 AM
Thompson Rivers University (TRU)
convection - Answer✔️✔️-the primary driving force for the movement of
tectonic plates. the transfer of heat from the core to the mantle causing
convection, as cold from the core goes down creating circular
heating/cooling patterns. Where convection currents in the antle are
moving upward, new lithosphere forms and the plates are pushed apart
age of earth - Answer✔️✔️-4,570 million years old
Phanerozoic Eon - Answer✔️✔️-the last 542 million years in geological time
mineral - Answer✔️✔️-a naturally occurring combination of specific
elements arranged in a particular repeating three dimentional structure
Atomic number - Answer✔️✔️-the number of protons in an atom
atomic mass - Answer✔️✔️-the number of protons plus neutrons in an atom
cation - Answer✔️✔️-a positively charged ion (when an atom during a
reaction loses electrons)
anion - Answer✔️✔️-A negatively charged ion, when during transfer when
an atom gains one or more electrons in order to become a negatively
charged ion
covelant bond - Answer✔️✔️-A bond when atoms share their outermost
electrons in order to balance their charge. does not form an ion
3
, ©SOPHIABENNETT@2024-2025 Monday, August 26, 2024 6:09 AM
Thompson Rivers University (TRU)
silicates - Answer✔️✔️-minerals that contain silicon and oxygen and usually
one or more other elements, are one of the largest groups of minerals
oxides - Answer✔️✔️-compounds that have oxygen as their anion, t ut they
exclude those with oxygen complexes such as carbonate, suphate, and
silicate. have O2 as their anion,
sulphides - Answer✔️✔️-Have an S-2 anion, can also have an SO4-2 anion
halides - Answer✔️✔️-Minerals that contain a halogen ion plus one or more
other elements
Carbonates - Answer✔️✔️-Minerals that contain the elements carbon,
oxygen, and one or more other metallic elements, such as CO-3
phosphate - Answer✔️✔️-PO4 anion
Native minerals - Answer✔️✔️-single element minerals such as gold copper,
sulphur and graphite
Amphibole Structure - Answer✔️✔️-the silica tetrahedra are linked in a
double chain that has an oxygen to silicon ratio lower than that of pyroxene
and hence still fewer cations are necessary to balance the charge. Thus
more permissive than pyroxine and its comositions can be very complex
mica - Answer✔️✔️-the silica tetrahedral are arranged in continuous sheets
where each tetrahedron shares three oxygen anions with adjacent
tetrahedral. THere is more sharing of oxyen, between adjacent tetrahedral
4
