HMX Immunology- ALL Exam Study Guide
ABO blood groups - Answer️️ -carbohydrate antigens on the surface of
blood cells determine blood type
primary lymphoid organs - Answer️️ -bone marrow and thymus
circulating leukocytes - Answer️️ -mature immune cells that circulate
through blood ...
ABO blood groups - Answer✔️✔️-carbohydrate antigens on the surface of
blood cells determine blood type
primary lymphoid organs - Answer✔️✔️-bone marrow and thymus
circulating leukocytes - Answer✔️✔️-mature immune cells that circulate
through blood vessels
innate immunity - Answer✔️✔️-mechanisms that exist prior to infection and
are capable of rapid responses to microbes
adaptive immunity - Answer✔️✔️-a more complex defense system against
infection that requires some time to develop after initial exposure to the
microbe; is specific and specialized and has memory; mediated by
lymphocytes with highly diverse antigen receptors
lymphocytes - Answer✔️✔️-a type of white blood cell that makes antibodies
to fight off infections
PD-L1 - Answer✔️✔️-A protein that's expressed by immune cells, such as
DCs, and non-immune cells, including many cancer cells. Blocking this
protein prevents its interaction with PD-1 expressed by T cells, thus
relieving a negative regulator of T cell function
Checkpoint blockade - Answer✔️✔️-the reactivation of existing T cells that
are nonfunctional due to inhibitory signaling; accomplished by blocking
inhibitory receptors, which rejuvenates exhausted T cells (mainly CTLA-4
in lymph nodes and PD-1 in tissue)
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell - Answer✔️✔️-are created by
introducing into T cells a DNA sequence that contains the recognition
portion of an antibody fused to signaling components of the T cell receptor;
have been used to treat some types of cancer
Cross matching - Answer✔️✔️-method of matching a donor's blood to the
recipient by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility
HLA (human leukocyte antigen) - Answer✔️✔️-these proteins are the most
important determinants of an allogenic immune response
HLA matching - Answer✔️✔️-used to reduce the risk of transplant rejection
Natural antibodies - Answer✔️✔️-Antibodies produced by the immune
system in the apparent absence of any infection. They have a broad
specificity for self and microbial antigens, can react with many pathogens,
and can activate complement.
Immunosuppressive drugs - Answer✔️✔️-Chemical agents that cause the
human body not to produce antibodies that normally fight off foreign
material in the body. The production of these antibodies needs to be
suppressed in order to permit the acceptance of a donor organ by the
recipient's body (block T cell activation or kill lymphocytes)
Neoantigen discovery - Answer✔️✔️-involves searching for antigens that
uniquely occur in a tumor (due to mutations that are part of the
tumorigenic process) and are capable of binding to host MHC; activates T
cells to recognize that peptide, thus destroying cancer cells
Passive immunotherapy - Answer✔️✔️-Individual acquires immunity
through the transfer of antibodies formed by immune individual or animal;
expensive and low throughput
Polymorphic proteins - Answer✔️✔️-proteins encoded by genes with more
than one variant (allele) for that gene; can be abnormally expressed
Transplantation - Answer✔️✔️-The grafting of living tissue from its normal
position to another site, or of an organ or tissue from one person to
another.
Transplant rejection - Answer✔️✔️-Recognition by the immune system of a
transplanted tissue as foreign and subsequent attack on the tissue; initiated
by T lymphocytes
Transfusion - Answer✔️✔️-transferring blood from one person to another
Transfusion reaction - Answer✔️✔️-reaction of the body to a transfusion of
blood that is not compatible with its own blood via complement activation
and opsonization
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