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Summary of AO1 point for Humanistic approach and provides evaluation points
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A Level Paper 2 – Approaches in PsychologyTopic 6: Humanistic Psychology
Specification Requirements
For this section you need to be able to:
● Describe the concepts developed by Maslow and Rogers, including free will, self-actualisation,
hierarchy of needs, perceived and ideal self, congruence and conditions of worth.
● Evaluate these concepts.
● Describe and evaluate Rogerian counselling techniques.
Key Words
Free will – the idea that…
Perceived self – an individual’s own view of their appearance, personality and abilities
Ideal self - an individual’s view of what their appearance, personality and abilities should be
Self actualisation – the desire and ability to…
Congruence – when perceived self and ideal self are broadly the same
1
, Conditions of worth – limits placed on love, usually by parents in relation to their children
Basic assumptions of humanistic psychology
● Human beings are active agents who can control their own destiny
● Personal growth is an essential part of what it means to be human
● Psychologists should focus on and investigate subjective personal experience
● Psychology should be a positive force, concentrating on personal growth in individuals, rather
than focusing on maladaptive behaviours
Abraham Maslow and the hierarchy of needs
● Individuals have an innate tendency to achieve their full potential in life, but must meet five
levels of need in order to do this
● The first four levels are deficiency needs that must be met before an individual can work
towards personal growth and the fulfilment of their potential
● The fifth is the growth need, which Maslow called self-actualisation
● A need must be met before an individual can move further up the hierarchy
Carl Rogers and congruence
● Personal growth can only be achieved if an individual is in a state of congruence
● Incongruence causes negative feelings of self-worth and this is what prevents growth
● Feelings of worthlessness and low self-esteem often stem from a lack of unconditional
positive regard in childhood, when parents have imposed conditions of worth
Rogerian counselling
● Is called client-centred therapy or person-centred therapy, and is based on the principle that the
client is the expert on their own condition and should find their own solutions
● The aim of the therapy is to narrow the gap between perceived and ideal self to allow clients to
experience psychological growth and personal fulfilment. This can be done by boosting self-
esteem (perceived self) or creating more realistic expectations (ideal self)
● The role of the therapist is to provide genuineness, empathy and unconditional positive regard,
thus creating a safe environment in which the client can explore their feelings
● Client-centred therapy tends not to be effective with more severe psychological disorders like
schizophrenia
Thinking Hard
1. How is humanistic psychology different from the other approaches you have studied?
2
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