NUR529 EXAM 2 (ACTUAL EXAM) WITH
150+ QUESTIONS WITH VERY ELABORATED
ANSWERS CORRECTRY WELL ORGANIZED
LATEST 2024 – 2025 ALREADY GRADED A+
Hypoxemia - ANSWERS-refers to a reduction in arterial blood O2 levels, which is
considered a PaO2 less than 95 mm Hg.
failure in gas exchange fxn of the lung i.e. COPD, pneumonia, interstitial lung
disease, atelectasis (low o2)
Hypoxemia - ANSWERS-can result from an inadequate amount of O2 in the air, a
disorder of the respiratory system, dysfunction of the neurologic system, or
alterations in circulatory function. The mechanisms whereby respiratory disorders
lead to a significant reduction in PO2 are hypoventilation, impaired diffusion of
gases, inadequate circulation of blood through the pulmonary capillaries, and
mismatching of ventilation and perfusion.1,2 Often, more than one mechanism
contributes
Hypercapnia - ANSWERS-refers to an increase in the carbon dioxide content of the
arterial blood.4 The carbon dioxide level in the arterial blood, or PCO2, is
,proportional to carbon dioxide production and inversely related to alveolar
ventilation. (increase CO2)
Formation of the platelet plug - ANSWERS-Second stage of hemostasis, 1.
platelets are attracted to damaged vessel wall. 2. activation by sub-endothelial
tissue. 3. change from smooth disks to spiny spheres. 4. exposing glycoprotein
receptors on their surfaces. This step requires a protein molecule called von
Willebrand factor that leaks into the injured tissue from the plasma. (adhesion,
activation, aggregation)
During Hemostasis, platelets change from ..... - ANSWERS-Smooth disks to spiny
spheres
von Willebrand factor - ANSWERS-Formation of the platelet plug requires a
protein molecule called (helps platelets stick together)
Glycoprotein Receptors - ANSWERS-Exposed during the formation of the platelet
plug when platelets change from smooth disks to spiny spheres
Systemic arterial pressure - ANSWERS-is the main source of afterload on the left
heart, Left ventricle afterload is increased with narrowing (stenosis) of the aortic
valve
Stages of Hemostasis - ANSWERS-Vessel Spasm, formation of the platelet plug,
blood coagulation (clot retraction, clot dissolution)
,Vessel Spasm - ANSWERS-First stage of hemostasis, constricts the vessel and
reduces blood flow. It is a transient event that usually lasts minutes or hours.
1.Blood coagulation or development of an insoluble fibrin clot - ANSWERS-Third
step of hemostasis: stabilization of the plug occurs as the coagulation pathway is
activated on the platelet surface, and fibrinogen is converted to fibrin.
Thrombocytopenia - ANSWERS-Results from a decrease in platelet production,
increased sequestration of platelets in the spleen, or decreased platelet survival
Drug induced thrombocytopenia - ANSWERS-can be from aspirin, atorvastatin,
antibiotics and of course Heparin.
Clot retraction - ANSWERS-the consolidation or tightening of the fibrin clot pulls
the edges of the damaged vessel close together, allowing for repair of the vessel
lining.
Clot dissolution - ANSWERS-fibrinolysis occurs through conversion of plasminogen
to plasmin by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), which is released from damaged
endothelial cells. This conversion results in digestion of fibrin fibers within the clot
and the production of fibrin degradation products.... Clot dissolves.
Immune thrombocytopenia - ANSWERS-was formally called idiopathic
thrombocytopenia purpura. ITP is the most common thrombocytopenic disorder
among children and often follows an upper respiratory infection.
, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic - ANSWERS-rare and caused by a deficiency of the
gene responsible for severing large von Willebrand factor proteins. The
unchecked platelet aggregation results in microvascular occlusions...end organ
failure
Spontaneous bleeding from platelet disorders - ANSWERS-Most often involves
small vessels of mucous membranes and skin, common sites are nose, mouth, GI,
uterine
Cutaneous bleeding - ANSWERS-seen as pinpoint hemorrhages (petechiae), or
purple areas of bruising (purpura)
Petechiae - ANSWERS-Occur almost exclusively in conditions of platelet
deficiency, not dysfunction
120 days - ANSWERS-RBC lifespan
Spleen - ANSWERS-Breaks down RBC
5 years - ANSWERS-Almost all bones produce RBCS to maintain growth rate until
this age
Red bone marrow - ANSWERS-RBCS produced here after birth
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