These notes were used to achieve an A* by myself during the 2024 A-Level Exam Series. They follow the published specification, including both information and relevant case studies to help your achieve the top grades in your examinations. These notes have also been written in a way that makes them e...
EQ1: What are the causes of globalisation and why has it accelerated in recent decades
lobalisation: the increasing interdependence of countriesthrough flow of capital, trade, goods
G
and services and cultures and ideas
ypes of Globalisation
T
Economic
- Volume of TNCs has increased with many having incomes higher than GDPs of
countries
- Spread of FDI as countries invest in each other
- Online purchasing (e-tailing) between countries becoming increasingly popular
Cultural
- Americanisation and westernisation of other developing parts of the world
- McDonalds in 120 countries with 30,000 restaurants ensures people eat similar food
- CNN,BBC and global news means people hear westernised ideas and views
Migration
- International migration spread families across the globe spreading culture and finance
through remittances
- Increased international tourism due to lower transport costs
Commodities
- Goods easily imported increasing countries interdependence on one another (Fiji water
imported over 10,000 miles from UK)
- Volume of manufactured goods increased due to low cost countries (Vietnam)
Political
- Trade blocs (NAFTA/EU) become more influential and reduced tariffs
- IGOs work to harmonise economies and promote democratic ideology
evelopments in transport and trade that have accelerated globalisation
D
Steam power
- Britain led the world in use of team power in 1800s as it allowed them to move their
goods and armies to key areas very quickly
Jet Aircraft
- Newer and more efficient aircraft allow goods to be transported quickly between
countries
- Travel become more affordable due to competition between low cost airlines
Containerisation
- Over 200 million containers are moved every year which is important to the global
economy
- All sorts of goods are transported with lower cost of transport benefiting both businesses
and consumers
, Telegraph
- The first cables were laid across the Atlantic in the 1860s, allowing instantaneous
communication and revolutionised how businesses operated
Importance of ICT and mobile phone usage in 21st century globalisation
Transport and technology have influenced globalisation be allowing instantaneous
communication across the world
Telephones
- mobile phone use if very common across the globe with mobile phones becoming ever
more popular allowing for better global communication
Broadband and fibre optics
- since 1990s, large amounts of data can be transferred very quickly via cables on the
ocean floor which has accelerated telephone, internet and television speeds for homes
GPS
- Satellites have allowed companies and people to track goods across the worlds as well
as becoming an essential feature for modern cars and leading to the success of google
maps
Internet
- Is now extremely important with 40% of the world's population having access to it
- Social media has become hugely influential due to the mass amount of users and has
led to the rapid spread of news, knowledge and opinions
ow IGOs have contributed towards globalisation
H
World Trade Organisation
- Aims to free up global trade by reducing trade barriers and regulating free trade
agreements to ensure members maintain their rules
- Has been criticised for not providing equal opportunities for example removing farmer
subsidies has resulted in cheaper imports undercutting farmers in developing countries
who are then forced out of business
International Monetary Fund
- Constructed to stabilise currencies after 1930s depression and war and now loans
money to poorer developing countries under the condition the country opens their
markets from government control leading to privatisation
- Criticised in 1990s after imposing conditions that forced african nations to cut spending
on healthcare and education in return for stabilising or extending their debt payments
World Bank
- Role is to finance development through loans
- Criticised in the 1970s-80s for funding development projects that were environmentally
damaging and costly to the developing countries that were not repaying their loans
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