These notes were used to achieve an A* by myself during the 2024 A-Level Exam Series. They follow the published specification, including both information and relevant case studies to help your achieve the top grades in your examinations. These notes have also been written in a way that makes them e...
ebranding:ways in which a place is deliberatelyreinvented and then marketed using itsnew
R
identity to attract new investors and visitors
Re-imaging:how the image of a place is changed e.g.how its portrayed in the media
Regeneration:redeveloping former industrial areasor outdated housing to bring about
economic and social change
conomic Sectors
E
Primary
- Most essential sector as the rest of the population relies on it for resources
- Involves the collection of raw materials and labor intensive work presenting risk to
physical and mental health
Secondary
- Manufacturing of raw materials into commercial goods/machinery
- Offers higher and more regular work which is annual rather than seasonal
- Exploitation is common in factories (subject to long hours and hazardous environments)
Tertiary
- Provision of services e.g. education, government departments
- Offer better progression opportunities and higher salaries however often office based
with regulated hours and limited outdoor interactions
Quaternary
- Technology based sector e.g. R&D, Finance and IT
- Roles are highly skilled and require high levels of education and expertise
- Negatives are the same as tertiary
Ethiopia (LIC) Sectors
- 75% employed in primary sector so lies in pre-industrial stage of Clarke Fisher model
- Small secondary sector created form FDI however little pay
- 15% tertiary sector including tourism services
- Poverty and lack of employment means many people work in the informal sector
UK (HIC) Sectors
- 2% primary sector as no need for large labor force
- 18% secondary sector due to deindustrialisation and relocation of industry
- Tertiary sector most dominant, people using technology to work from home benefiting
people in rural areas
- Safety and minimum wage ensures no worker exploitation
, lark Fisher Model:describes the stages a country may progress through as they become
C
more economically developed
Pre-Industrial
- majority of population work in primary sector with small percentage in secondary
- due to a lack of infrastructure or investment preventing countries from constructing
factories and establishing a manufacturing industry
Industrial
- Proportion of employees in primary sector begin to decline as imports become cheaper
rather than producing raw materials
- Internal rural-urban migration takes place as families seek better quality of life
Post-Industrial
- Proportion of people working in primary sector decreases significantly
- Secondary jobs decline at a slower rate
- Increase in tertiary and quaternary employment due to demand for entertainment,
holiday and technology due to increases in disposable income
outhwark:a central district in London
S
Middlesbrough: located in the country of north yorkshire
Southwark Middlesborough
- 22% working part-time so more disposable - 36% working part-time, so less disposable
income income
- 10% of jobs in IT so have greater - 2% of jobs in IT so have worse
communication services (4% NAVG) communication services
- 26% of people working in social work
suggesting many people are struggling with
issues that require support from the
government
What socio-economic inequalities in employment lead to
- 55% of workers below average weekly wage, reduced quality of life as they have less
disposable income
- Further south east earn the most due to: more employment opportunities, better quality
of education, more financial and investment aid to provide higher paying jobs (London)
- Higher earning individuals have better access to are and higher pension so better quality
of life at older age
- 46% of London have degrees with average weekly wage of £703
- 24% of NE have degrees with weekly wage of £446
Reasons for Inequalities in Places
- People in manual labor earn less than professional managerial positions with lower life
expectancy due to physical strain of their work
- Significant inequality in pay between employment sectors as primary employment earns
least on average with incomes being seasonal
- Positive correlation between level of income and a person's life expectancy
, Index of Multiple Deprivation
- A measure of relative deprivation for small areas
- Based on 37 indicators grouped into 7 domains which reflect different aspects of
deprivation e.g. income, employment, health, education
- Scores ranked from 1st (most deprived) to 32,844th (least deprived)
Poverty Cycle:
- High unemployment, less money to spend on goods and services, less taxes
- Local council invests less in education and infrastructure, more young people leave
school with fewer qualifications
- Higher unemployment…
Reasons and place might change
- Proximity to large cities and economic zones encourage economic development
- Ease of transport allow the migration of people and movement of goods to previously
inaccessible locations
- TNCs relocation to better regions as a result of competition
- Government strategies to restructure economies (filling skill shortages, increasing
student numbers)
he London Docklands
T
Reasons for Decline
- Boats became larger finding it hard to travel far down the thames so docks moved
downstream
- Containerisation means fewer docks were needed
- Decline in manufacturing means port side industries closed down
- Sub-standard low quality housing such as tower blocks built in 50s/60s to replace bomb
damaged housing from WW2
Involvement of globalisation in the regeneration
- FDI from regions such as Qatar from elite immigrants to fund the development
- Jobs created in construction were filled by immigrant workers
Benefits
- Removal of derelict land made it more attractive and environmentally friendly
- Over 50,000 new homes built and improvements to pre-existing housing
- Improved transport links: docklands light railway, limehouse tunnel linking docklands to
central london and jubilee line used by 70,000+ weekly
Economic Benefits
- Enterprise zone established on the isle of docks to attract business investment
- Canary Wharf: 6 million sq/ft offices leased by over 100,000 people
- Major economic hub, home to JP Morgan, Barclays and HSBC, improving London's
economy
Negatives
- Catastrophic jobs losses 1978-1983, over 12,000 unemployed and unskilled for
development
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