NUR 631 Final Questions And Answers 100% Guaranteed Solutions
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Course
NUR 631
Institution
NUR 631
NUR 631 Final Questions And Answers 100% Guaranteed Solutions
Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which problem?
Circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues.
Complement and chemotaxis are deficient.
Underlying chronic illness(es) exists.
Numb...
NUR 631 Final Questions And Answers 100%
Guaranteed Solutions
Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which problem?
Circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues.
Complement and chemotaxis are deficient.
Underlying chronic illness(es) exists.
Number of mast cells is insufficient. ANS: C
In some cases, impaired healing is not directly associated with aging, in general, but can instead be linked to a
chronic illness such as cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus. Older adults may have circulatory problems, but
that would not lead directly to impaired inflammation and wound healing. Older people do not have deficient
complement and chemotaxis, nor do they have insufficient mast cell numbers.
In which structure does B lymphocytes mature and undergo changes that commit them to becoming B cells?
Thymus gland
Regional lymph nodes
Bone marrow
Spleen ANS: C
B lymphocytes mature and become B cells in specialized (primary) lymphoid organs—the thymus gland for T cells
and the bone marrow for B cells. Neither regional lymph nodes nor the spleen are involved in changing B
lymphocytes into B cells.
An individual's acquired immunity is dependent on the function of which cells? (Select all that apply.)
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Macrophages
Opsonins
Neutrophils ANS: A, B, C
T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells are involved in acquired immunity. Opsonins are
molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells of the inflammatory system; these cells are primarily
neutrophils. Neutrophils are white blood cells.
,The common hay fever allergy is expressed through a reaction that is mediated by which class of immunoglobulins?
IgE
IgG
IgM
T cells ANS: A
Type I reactions are mediated by antigen-specific IgE and the products of tissue mast cells. The most common
allergies (e.g., pollen allergies) are type I reactions. In addition, most type I reactions occur against environmental
antigens and are therefore allergic. Hay fever allergy is not mediated by IgG, IgM, or T cells.
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, which leukocyte is activated?
a. Neutrophils
b. Monocytes
c. Eosinophils
d. T lymphocytes ANS: C
Of the options provided, only eosinophils are activated during IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions.
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, what causes bronchospasm?
a. Bronchial edema caused by the chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis
b. Bronchial edema caused by binding of the cytotropic antibody
c. Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H1 receptors
d. Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H2 receptors ANS: C
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H1
receptors results in bronchospasms. The bronchospasm is not caused by edema or by histamine binding to H2
receptors.
A patient is having an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. What action by the healthcare professional is best?
a. Give the patient an antihistamine.
b. Prepare to give the patient a blood transfusion.
c. Ask the patient is he/she is having pain at the site.
d. Apply warm, moist heat to the affected area. ANS: A
Histamine is the most potent mediator in an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction (Type 1). Histamine bound to
H2 results in the degranulation of mast cells with the release of histamine. Blocking histamine receptors with
,antihistamines can control some type I responses. The healthcare professional would not need to give the patient
blood; warm; moist heat; or ask about pain.
A student asks about the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions. What description by the
professor is best?
a. Antibodies coat mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation,
followed by a discharge of preformed mediators.
b. Antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids, and the
immune complexes are then deposited in the tissues.
c. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes or lymphokine-producing helper T 1 cells directly attack
and destroy cellular targets.
d. Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface. ANS: D
The mechanism that results in a type II hypersensitivity reaction begins with antibody binding to tissue-specific
antigens or antigens that have attached to particular tissues. The cell can be destroyed by antibody IgG or IgM and
activation of the complement cascade through the classical pathway.
How are target cells destroyed in a type II hypersensitivity reaction?
a. Tissue damage from mast cell degranulation
b. Antigen-antibody complexes deposited in vessel walls
c. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes attack the cell directly.
d. Natural killer cells ANS: D
The mechanism that results in a type II hypersensitivity reaction involves a subpopulation of cytotoxic cells that are
not antigen specific (natural killer [NK] cells). Antibody on the target cell is recognized by Fc receptors on the NK
cells, which releases toxic substances that destroy the target cell. Tissue damage from mast cell degranulation
occurs in type I hypersensitivity reactions. Antigen-antibody complexes are active in type III hypersensitivity
responses. Cytotoxic lymphocytes are involved in type IV hypersensitivity responses.
Graves disease (hyperthyroidism) is an example of which type II hypersensitivity reaction?
a. Modulation
b. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
c. Neutrophil-mediated damage
d. Complement-mediated lysis ANS: A
The antibody reacts with the receptors on the target cell surface and modulates the function of the receptor by
preventing interactions with their normal ligands, replacing the ligand and inappropriately stimulating the receptor
, or destroying the receptor. For example, in the hyperthyroidism (excessive thyroid activity) of Graves disease,
autoantibody binds to and activates receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (a pituitary hormone that
controls the production of the hormone thyroxine by the thyroid). Graves disease is not a result of cell- mediated
cytotoxicity, neutrophil-mediated damage, or complement-mediated lysis.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is associated with which type of hypersensitivity reaction? a. I
b. II c. III d. IV ANS: A
Hypersensitivity reactions have been divided into four distinct types: type I (IgE-mediated) hypersensitivity
reactions, type II (tissue-specific) hypersensitivity reactions, type III (immune complex-mediated) hypersensitivity
reactions, and type IV (cell-mediated) hypersensitivity reactions.
A Rh-negative woman gave birth to a Rh-positive baby. When discussing Rho[D] immunoglobulin with her, what
information should the healthcare professional provide?
It provides protection against infection from poor immunity in the baby.
It prevents alloimmunity and hemolytic anemia of the newborn.
It provides necessary antibodies in case the mother doesn't breastfeed.
It causes the intestinal tract of the newborn to produce antibodies. ANS: B
Alloimmunity occurs when an individual's immune system reacts against antigens on the tissues of other members
of the same species. This can occur when a woman is Rh-negative and gives birth to an Rh-positive baby, leading to
hemolytic anemia of the newborn. Rho[D] immunoglobulin does not provide protection against infection, provide
antibodies to a bottle-fed baby, or cause the intestine to produce antibodies.
Which mother does the healthcare professional prepare to administer Rh immune globulin (Rho- GAM) to?
a. Is Rh-positive and the fetus is Rh-negative
b. Is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive
c. Has type A blood and the fetus has type O
d. Has type AB blood and the fetus has type B ANS: B
Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) can occur only if antigens on fetal erythrocytes differ from
antigens on maternal erythrocytes. Maternal-fetal incompatibility exists only if the mother and fetus differ in ABO
blood type or if the fetus is Rh-positive and the mother is Rh-negative. The healthcare professional would plan to
administer Rho-GAM to the mother who is Rh-negative whose baby is Rh positive.
A patient has microcytic, hypochromic anemia. Which type of treatment or procedure does the healthcare
professional discuss as a potential cure with the patient?
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