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CGI FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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CGI FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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CGI FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS ANDANSWERS
Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Answer-Yeast
easy to grow and maintain
Meiosis
can create mutations and knockout strains
share a good # of similarities to human genome
Divide very quickly
Drosophila melanogaster - Answer-Fruit fly
life span= 30 days
females lay eggs quickly
can reproduce quickly after birth
can live in little tubes
store a lot in small space
multiple mutations are known
mutant strains available
most like the human genome
Caernorhabditis elegan - nematode elegan - Answer-soil warm
self-fertilizing
1st multicellular euk.. to have genome sequence available
model organism to express green Fluor
see through
Arabidopsis thaliana: Thale Cress - Answer-plant
small diploid genome
6 weeks from germ. to mature plant
small size ,
easy to propagate
Mutation - Answer-UV
X-rays
Oxidation
Viruses
Toxins
RANDOM-can happen anywhere
Not always bad
Good for allele changing
Evolution
DNA mismatch- wrong nucleotide
I strand mutated, 1 unchanged
Permanent
,SNP's - Answer-Single nucleotide polymorphism
Prokaryotic gene regulation - Answer-Promoter Region
Sigma factor
Lact 1
CAAT
UTR
Operator
Lac Z
O
LacY
Lac A
Terminator
Lac operon - Answer-In Prok.
break down lactic
CATABOLIC (breaking down)
Repressor
Activator
Lactose - Answer-if present= allolactase preset
= GENE EXPRESSION
CAP - Answer-catabolic activator protein
usually off
Prokay. only
Active form: when cAMP is bound
Inactive form: when cAMP is not bound
DNA bending caused by CAP results in RNA POLYMERASE binding
repressor - Answer-if binds to operator= no protein is made
inducer - Answer-allolactase binds to repressor= inhibits and induces
Allolactase - Answer-High levels= lactose is present
CAP high levels - Answer-High levels = presence of glucose
INHIBITS ad. cyclase
Result= decrease in cAMP
repressor protein
CAP low levels - Answer-activator protein
Result- increase in cAMP
, Needs another energy source
Binds to CAP-binds to operator- transcription
Tryptophan - Answer-operon
Amino Acid
Used to synthesize A.A. trip. by Prokaryotes
Humans DON'T ave
usually ON- unless told to turn off
Inhibits- trp operon- repressor is reg.
tryptophan senses as co-repressor
Attenuation - Answer-achieved when mRNA's ability to form multiple stem-loop
conformation
H-bonds
can fold on itself due to secondary structure
Complementation - Answer-used to determine HOW MANY GENES are involved in
PHENOTYPE
Mutations are RECESSIVE
STEPS:
1- Decide which process to study and figure out what chromosome would be displayed
with a disruption
2- Perform mutagenesis and screen for mutants showing
3- Carry out complete tests to test how many different genes are identified
4- Identify product of genes
Conditional Mutants - Answer-Mutant allele causes a mutant phenotype in certain
environment= RESTRICTIVE CONDITION
Causes a wild-type phenotype in diff. Envir.= PERMISSIVE CONDITION
GWAS - Answer-Genome Wide Association Study
studies many common genetic variants in diff. Indiv. to see if variant is associated with a
trait
Focus on relationships btw. SNP's and major disease traits
DNA Damage - Answer-1. 'Double Stranded break
2. Chem. Change to nucleotides
1. Double Stranded break - Answer-Interruption of sugar-phosphate backbone
Radiation
--Blocks progression of DNA real.
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