WGU D236 Patho Study Guide exam with complete solutions.
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WGU D236
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WGU D236
Turner syndrome
A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted.
Tay-Sachs Disease
A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme leads to the accumulat...
WGU D236 Patho Study Guide exam with
complete solutions
Pressure that is due to albumin in the bloodstream? - ANSWER- Oncotic
Oncotic - ANSWER- a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins
In the blood, _____ is the most common plasma protein and is, therefore, a
primary determinant of oncotic pressure - ANSWER- albumin
_____ controls osmotic pressure in vascular system, builds volume - ANSWER-
Albumin
One question was about the difference in children and adult immunity - ANSWER-
Possible answer: naive T cells
Learning check question: Which differences in immunity make children and older
adult patients more susceptible to infections? Choose 2 answers
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
Older adult patients have more memory cells to combat infection
Younger patients have a large population of naive T cells
Older adult patients have a large population of naive T cells - ANSWER- Younger
patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
,Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to many pathogens, which
means that they have fewer memory cells than adults. The primary immune
response is relatively weak compared to a secondary response mediated by
memory cells.
Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to younger patients.
When these patients encounter novel pathogens, the reduced number of naive T
cells gives clonal selection fewer opportunities to "find" T cells that will be
effective.
Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _______, which regulates actions
such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS. - ANSWER- osmoreceptors
Fluid deficit causes - ANSWER- -Excessive loss
-Inadequate intake
-Or combination of both
ROME for ABGs - ANSWER- Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is pCO2 levels that are
causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature
If they are moving the same direction then it is metabolic in nature
Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory compensation help to maintain a
blood pH of _______ - ANSWER- 7.35-7.45
A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and a
blood pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition does the patient have?
The patient's pH and CO2 level are both elevating (moving in the same direction).
This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because her respiratory
system is attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and
retaining more CO2
To prevent changes in pH, the body employs buffer systems. The body utilizes 3
buffer systems: - ANSWER- proteins, phosphates, and the carbonic acid-
bicarbonate system
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first line of defense is _____, second line of
defense is _____ - ANSWER- respirations; kidneys
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system equation - ANSWER- The equation moves in
both directions
CABS Equation:
When CO2 levels are elevated, the equation moves ________, forming more H+
and HCO3- ions - ANSWER- toward the right
CABS Equation:
When H+ ions are elevated, the equation moves _____, as H+ ions are converted
to CO2 and the CO2 is exhaled. - ANSWER- toward the left
CO2 levels - ANSWER- 35-45
HCO3 levels - ANSWER- 22-26
Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH impact
Michael's basal metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers.
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the
bloodstream.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out
of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
, His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+ makes it
easier for Ca+ to bind to albumin.
His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs have difficulty adding it into the
bloodstream - ANSWER- His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have
difficulty removing it from the bloodstream.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out
of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
There is a question about hypoventilation or hyperventilation - ANSWER-
Metabolic acidosis pH <7.35 = respirations increase in depth and rate to blow off
CO2
Metabolic alkalosis pH >7.45 = respirations slow down to increase CO2 retention
Respiratory acidosis = excess CO2 has accumulated which is generating H+
Respiratory alkalosis = lungs blow off too much CO2, creating less H+ in blood
What is excreted in response to fluid volume overload? - ANSWER- Natriuretic
peptides
Natriuretic peptides - ANSWER- hormonal signals released by the brain and heart
in response to excess fluid in the body
A hormonal panel was done on a patient with congestive heart failure and fluid
volume overload. Which elevated hormone on the patient's chart is indicative of
the body's attempt to reduce the fluid overload? - ANSWER- BNP - it's released
when fluid volume excess is present
Compare and contrast hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis - ANSWER-
Hemodialysis:
-machine pumps blood from the body and filters waste
-3x a week for hours in a clinic
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