NURS 5315 Final Advanced
Pathophysiology Exam | 140 Questions
and Answers Graded A+ | Latest 2024
How does edema cause increased capillary permeability?
- Correct Answer - Results from times of inflammation (trauma, crushing
injuries, burns, neoplastic diseases, allergic reactions, infections).
Increased capillary permeability allows large amounts of fluid to escape
and enter the interstitial space.
How does edema cause lymphatic channel obstruction?
- Correct Answer - Lymphatic channels are blocked because of infection
or tumor. Proteins and fluids are not reabsorbed and accumulate in the
interstitial space, causing lymphedema.
Hypovolemic hypernatremia
- Correct Answer - Occurs as a result of sodium and water loss.
Clinical manifestations: volume depletion, orthostatic hypotension,
hypotension, tachycardia, lack of organ perfusion
Hypervolemic hypernatremia
,- Correct Answer - Uncommon, but most common cause is
administration of hypertonic sodium salts.
Infants: erroneous preparation of dietary formula
Outpatient adults: ingestion of salts
Inpatient adults: iatrogenic (hypertonic IV solutions)
Clinical manifestations of mild, moderate, and severe hyponatremia?
- Correct Answer - Mild: anorexia, apathy, restlessness, nausea,
lethargy, muscle cramps
Moderate: agitation, disorientation, headache
Severe: seizures, coma, incontinence, death
Insulin effects on potassium
- Correct Answer - Shifts K+ intracellularly
Acid base balance effects on potassium
- Correct Answer - Alkalosis shifts K+ into cells --> hypokalemia
Acidosis shifts K+ out of cells --> hyperkalemia
Osmolality and effects on potassium
, - Correct Answer - Hyperosmolar state causes K+ to shift out of cells -->
hyperkalemia.
Hypo osmolar state causes K+ to shift into cells --> hypokalemia.
Exercise and effects on potassium
- Correct Answer - Depletes ATP --> opens K+ channels --> K+ shifts into
ECF --> hyperkalemia
What causes hypokalemia?
- Correct Answer - Diuretics, nephrotoxic drugs, diarrhea, laxative
abuse, hyperglycemia, increased levels of aldosterone, alkalosis
Hypokalemia clinical manifestations
- Correct Answer - Dysrhythmias, weakness, numbness, tingling,
confusion, respiratory difficulty, constipation, depression, muscle cramps
What causes hyperkalemia?
- Correct Answer - ESRD, medications (ACE inhibitors, NSAIDS), tissue
injury, adrenal insufficiency, hypoxia, digitalis overdose, insulin deficits,
acidosis
Hyperkalemia clinical manifestations
