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Exam 3 Patho NURS 611 Maryville: Questions/Answers
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Exam 3 Patho NURS 611 Maryville: Questions/Answers
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Exam 3 Patho NURS 611 Maryville: Questions/AnswersWhat imbalance lessens the rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
a.Increased serum calcium levels
b.Decreased serum magnesium levels
c.Decreased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone
d.Increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone Right Ans - A. The
overall effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)is to increase serum calcium and
to decrease serum phosphate concentration. The other presented imbalances
will not affect PTH in the described fashion.
Regulation of the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla is an
example of which type of regulation?
a.Negative feedback
c.Neural
b.Positive feedback
d.Physiologic Right Ans - c. The release of hormones occurs either in
response to an alteration in the cellular environment or in the process of
maintaining a regulated level of certain hormones or certain substances.
Several different mechanisms, one of which is neural control (e.g., stress-
induced release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla), regulate the
release of hormones. The remaining options do not accurately describe the
example given.
How does a faulty negative-feedback mechanism result in a hormonal
imbalance?
a.Hormones are not synthesized in response to cellular and tissue activities.
b.Decreased hormonal secretion is a response to rising hormone levels.
c.Too little hormone production is initiated.
d.Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn off the system.
Right Ans - D. Negative-feedback systems are important in maintaining
hormones within physiologic ranges. The lack of negative-feedback inhibition
on hormonal release often results in pathologic conditions. Excessive
hormone production, which is the result of the failure to turn off the system,
can cause various hormonal imbalances and related conditions. The correct
option is the only accurate description of this hormonal function.
Which substance is a water-soluble protein hormone?
a.Thyroxine
,c.Follicle-stimulating hormone
b.Aldosterone
d.Insulin Right Ans - D. Peptide or protein hormones, such as insulin,
pituitary, hypothalamic, and parathyroid, are water soluble and circulate in
free (unbound) forms. All the remaining options are fat-soluble hormones.
Which of the following is a lipid-soluble hormone?
a.Cortisol
c.Epinephrine
b.Oxytocin
d.Growth hormone Right Ans - A
Cortisol and adrenal androgens are lipid-soluble hormones and are primarily
bound to a carrier or transport protein in circulation. The other options are
water-soluble hormones.
Most protein hormones are transported in the bloodstream and are:
a.Bound to a lipid-soluble carrier
b.Free in an unbound, water-soluble form
c.Bound to a water soluble-binding protein
d.Free because of their lipid-soluble chemistry Right Ans - B
Peptide or protein hormones, such as insulin, pituitary, hypothalamic, and
parathyroid, are water soluble and circulate in free (unbound) forms. The
other options are not true statements related to the transport of protein
hormones.
when insulin binds its receptors on muscle cells, an increase in glucose uptake
by the muscle cells is the result. This is an example of what type of effect by a
hormone?
a.Pharmacologic
c.Synergistic
b.Permissive
d.Direct Right Ans - D
Direct effects are the obvious changes in cell function that specifically result
from the stimulation by a particular hormone. The other options are not used
to identify the described effect.
8. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is released to stimulate thyroid
hormone (TH) and is inhibited when plasma levels of TH are adequate. This is
an example of:
,a.Positive feedback
c.Neural regulation
b.Negative feedback
d.Physiologic regulation Right Ans - B
Feedback systems provide precise monitoring and control of the cellular
environment. Negative feedback occurs because the changing chemical,
neural, or endocrine response to a stimulus negates the initiating change that
triggered the release of the hormone. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
from the hypothalamus stimulates TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary.
Secretion of TSH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of THs. Increasing
levels of T4 and triiodothyronine (T3) then generate negative feedback on the
pituitary and hypothalamus to inhibit TRH and TSH synthesis. The described
example is not accurately identified by any of the other options.
Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located:
a.Inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm
b.On the outer surface of the plasma membrane
c.Inside the mitochondria
d.On the inner surface of the plasma membrane Right Ans - A
Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located inside the plasma membrane and
easily diffuse across the plasma membrane to bind to either cytosolic or
nuclear receptors. The other options are not true statements.
10. Which second messenger is stimulated by epinephrine binding to a β-
adrenergic receptor?
a.Calcium
b.Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
c.Diacylglycerol (DAG)
d.Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) Right Ans - D
Second-messenger molecules are the initial link between the first signal
(hormone) and the inside of the cell (see Table 21-3). For example, the
binding of epinephrine to a β adrenergic-receptor subtype activates (through
a stimulatory G protein) the enzyme, adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase
catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the second
messenger, 3', and 5'-cAMP. The remaining messengers are not stimulated by
epinephrine to bind as described.
, Which hormone does the second messenger calcium (Ca++) bind to activate
phospholipase C through a G protein?
a.
Angiotensin II
c.
Estrogen
b.
Thyroxine
d.
Testosterone Right Ans - A
Ca++ is considered an important second messenger that facilitates the binding
of a hormone (e.g., norepinephrine, angiotensin II) to a surface receptor,
activating the enzyme phospholipase C through a G protein inside the plasma
membrane. None of the other options acts on its target cell via a second
messenger.
The control of calcium in cells is important because it:
a.
Is controlled by the calcium negative-feedback loop.
b.
Is continuously synthesized.
c.
Acts as a second messenger.
d.
Carries lipid-soluble hormones in the bloodstream. Right Ans - C
In addition to being an important ion that participates in a multitude of
cellular actions, Ca++ is considered an important second messenger. The
other options are not true statements related to the control of calcium within
the cells.
The portion of the pituitary that secretes oxytocin is:
a.
Posterior
c.
Anterior
b.
Inferior
d.
Superior Right Ans - A
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