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Maryville NURS 611 Exam 1: Questions & Accurate Answers
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Maryville NURS 611 Exam 1: Questions & Accurate Answers
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Maryville NURS 611 Exam 1: Questions & AccurateAnswers
Nucleus Right Ans - DNA and RNA are housed here. Contains all genetic
material.
Ribosomes Right Ans - Responsible for protein synthesis
Mitochondria Right Ans - Produces ATP. This structure generates ATP by
oxidative phosphorylation. Cells power plant. The more a cell needs energy
the more it will need this. The heart would need more of this than the eyes,
bones, or skin.
Golgi apparatus Right Ans - Responsible for packaging and distribution.
Processes and packages proteins for delivery. Shipping and receiving center.
Receives newly synthesized proteins and lipids from the ER. Modified with
sugar molecules for their destination. Then sends them on their way.
Lysosome Right Ans - Degrades and recycles waste. Contains digestive
enzymes. Does this with hydrolase enzymes
Peroxisome Right Ans - Has a byproduct of H2O2 which produces Free
Radicals. Can detoxify compounds and fatty acids. (Think peroxide) they break
things down using oxygen. Byproduct is H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide). Digest
and breakdown organic molecules - uses molecular oxygen.
Free Radical Right Ans - Any molecular species capable of independent
existence that contains a single unpaired electron in an outer orbit. Having
one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; the molecule becomes
stabilized either by donating or by accepting an electron from another
molecule.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Right Ans - Chemically reactive molecules
from molecular oxygen formed as natural oxidant species in cells during
mitochondrial respiration and energy generation.
Damage by free radicals/ROS Right Ans - When excessive ROSs overwhelm
the endogenous antioxidant systems, oxidative stress occurs. A very large
,excess of ROS tends to cause necrosis, but smaller excess of ROS can cause
apoptosis.
Free radicals can cause lipid peroxidation or the destruction of unsaturated
fatty acid, alterations of proteins, and alterations in DNA
What is the plasma membrane made up of? Right Ans - Lipids, proteins,
and polysaccharides
Why do we need a cell membrane? Right Ans - To keep the ICF and ECF
separate, structure, protection, activation of cell, transport, and cell-to-cell
interaction
How is osmolality different between ICF and ECF? Right Ans - The
osmolality of ICF and ECF tends to equalize and therefore provides a measure
of body fluid concentration and thus the body's hydration status.
What do proteins do for the cell? Right Ans - Proteins act as
Recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances moving in and out of
the cell;
Pores or transport channels for various electrically charged particles called
ions or electrolytes and specific carriers for amino acids and
monosaccharides;
Specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote concentration of
certain ions, particularly potassium (K+), within the cell while keeping
concentrations of other ions, for example sodium (Na+), below concentrations
found in the extracellular environment;
Cell surface markers, such as glycoproteins (proteins attached to
carbohydrates), that identify a cell to its neighbor;
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), or proteins that allow cells to hook together
and form attachments to the cytoskeleton for maintaining cellular shape; and
Catalysts of chemical reactions, for example, conversion of lactose to glucose.
How much of the cell membrane is made up of protein? Right Ans - 55%
the cell membrane is made up of protein
What is a protein? Right Ans - A protein is made from a chain of amino
acids, known as polypeptides. There are 20 types of amino acids in proteins,
and each type of protein has a unique sequence of amino acids. Proteins are
the major workhorses of the cell.
, Tight Junctions Right Ans - Impermeable. Help cells move together and
don't allow things in -they help conduct force- like pumping the heart; and
moving hard stool. Tight junctions are barriers to diffusion, preventing the
movement of substances through transport proteins in the plasma
membranes of adjacent cells.
Gap Junctions Right Ans - Allow for conductivity to synchronize
contractions of heart muscles through ionic coupling. Channels that allow for
conductivity - like the heart and nerve cells. Gap junctions are clusters of
communicating tunnels or connexons that allow small ions and molecules to
pass directly from the inside of one cell to the inside of another.
Desmosomes Right Ans - Hold cells together either by continuous bands or
belts of epithelial sheets or button-like points of contact. Also act as a system
of braces to maintain structural integrity.
Oxidative phosphorylation Right Ans - AKA: Cellular respiration and
Glycolysis. Occurs in the mitochondria and is the mechanism in which energy
is produced from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and this energy is
transferred to ATP. When 1 mole of glucose is metabolically broken down in
the presence of oxygen into CO2 and water - 686 Kilocalories of energy are
released- in a test tube it is expressed as heat. Active transport. Kerbs cycle.
Main cation in ICF Right Ans - Potassium
Main cation in ECF Right Ans - Sodium
What charge is inside the cell? Right Ans - Negative
What charge is outside the cell? Right Ans - Positive
The inside of the cell is more negatively charged than the outside
Diffusion Right Ans - Non-energy form of transportation. The passive
movement of a solute from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of
lower solute concentration.
Example of diffusion Right Ans - Urea (Urea is a small solute that readily
diffuses across cellular membranes)
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