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NURS 611 Exam 4: Questions/Solutions (Correctly Solved)
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NURS 611 Exam 4: Questions/Solutions (Correctly Solved)
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NURS 611 Exam 4: Questions/Solutions (CorrectlySolved)
What is GERD? Right Ans - the reflux of acid and pepsin from the stomach
into the esophagus
what is a secondary condition that develops because of GERD? Right Ans -
esophagitis
what are causes of GERD? Right Ans - - abnormalities in lower esophageal
sphincter (LES) function
- esophageal motility
- gastric motility or emptying
What are triggers for gastric reflux? Right Ans - - spontaneous relaxation of
the LES triggered by gastric distention after meals
- diet and lifestyle factors:
-- food intake that causes delayed gastric emptying
--acidic foods
--obesity
What increases in abdominal pressure contribute to GERD and reflux
esophagitis? Right Ans - vomitting
coughing
lifting
bending
pregnancy
what type of hernia contributes to reflux? Right Ans - sliding hiatal hernia
what contributes to the severity of injury with GERD? Right Ans - the high
acidity (ph=2)
presence of bile salts
presence of pancreatic or intestinal enzymes
what are long term consequences of reflux? Right Ans - precancerous
lesions
--> adenocarcinoma
,what happens to the esophageal tissue in the presence of chronic reflux?
Right Ans - - mucosal injury
- inflammation
- hyperemia
- increased capillary permiability
- edema
- tissue fragility
- errosion
what is a hiatal hernia? Right Ans - characterized by a protrusion or
bulging of an abdominal structure into the thoracic cavity
what causes a hiatal hernia? Right Ans - weakening of the diaphragm
muscle
what are the three types of hiatal hernia? Right Ans - Type 1) sliding
Type 2) paraoesophageal
Type 3) mixed
what is a sliding hiatal hernia? Right Ans - the proximal portion of the
stomach moved into the thoracic cavid through the esophageal hiatus
what is the esophageal hiatus? Right Ans - an opening in the diaphragm for
the esophagus and the vagus nerves
what is the feature of the sliding hiatal hernia that earned it it's name?
Right Ans - laying in the supine position causes the lower esophagus and
stomach to be pulled into the thorax, as the pt stands, organs slide back into
the abdomen
what accentuates a hiatal hernia? Right Ans - increased resting abdominal
pressure
- coughing
- bending
- tight clothing
- ascities
- obesity
- pregnancy
, is a paroesophageal hiatal hernia? Right Ans - a hernia of the greater
curvature of the stomach through a secondary opening in the diaphragm
alongside the esophagus that moves into the thorax above the diaphragm
what are the complications from a paraoesophageal hiatal hernia? Right
Ans - congestion of mucosal blood flow --> gastritis and ulcer formation
is reflux common in a paraoesophageal hiatal hernia? Right Ans - no
what is a mixed hiatal hernia? Right Ans - less common.
a combination of sliding and paraoesophageal hiatal hernias
What is a simple intestinal obstruction? Right Ans - can be caused by any
condition that prevents the normal flow of chyme through the intestinal
lumen
Where do simple intestinal obstructions occur? Right Ans - either the small
or large intestine
where are SBOs more common? Why? Right Ans - small intestine
narrower lumen
what are the two classifications of SBO? which is more common? Right Ans
- 1) simple (more common)
2) functional
What is the cause of simple SBOs? Right Ans - fibrous adhesions of the
small intestine
what is the pathology of symptoms with SBOs? Right Ans - SBO leads to
distentions caused by impaired absorption and increased secretion with the
accumulation of fluid and gas inside the lumen proximal to the obstruction.
why is distention of the bowel is SBO a problem? Right Ans - distention
decreases the intestines ability to absorb water and electrolytes and increases
the net secretion of these substances into the lumen
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