NURS 611 Exam 2 – Questions & Proper Solutions
What are the two primary mechanisms for hormonal imbalances (high or
low)? Right Ans - 1) inappropriate amounts of hormone delivered to the
target cell
2) inappropriate responses by the target cell
What are 4 reasons for inappropriate hormone amounts? Right Ans - 1)
endocrine gland disorders causing inappropriate synthesis
2) failure of the feedback systems
3) dysfunctional or ectopically produced hormone
4) defects in delivery of the hormone in the blood stream
what does ADH stand for? What does it do? Right Ans - - antidiuretic
hormone
- holds onto water
What condition is associated with TBI leading to increased water excretion?
Right Ans - neurogenic diabetes insipidus
What happens during diabetes insipidus and how does the body attempt to
correct the problem? Right Ans - Decreased excretion of ADH
increased water excretion = polyuria
hypovolemia
polydipsia - increased thirst, attempt to make up for volume loss
What endocrine gland is responsible for diabetes insipidus? Right Ans -
posterior pituitary gland
What endocrine gland is responsible for SIADH? Right Ans - posterior
pituitary gland
What does SIADH stand for? Right Ans - Syndrome of inappropriate
antidiuretic hormone
What is SIADH characterized by? Right Ans - high levels of ADH -
dilutional hyponatremia and hypervolemia
,What different diseases is SIADH associated with? Right Ans - - ectopic
excretion by tumor cells
- pulmonary disorders
- CNS disorders
What is the thyroid gland associated with? Right Ans - metabolism, growth,
development
What kind of feedback loop is used by the thyroid? Right Ans - negative
feedback loop
Describe the loop of thyroid feedback? Right Ans - T3 T4 decrease below
normal, hypothalamus releases TRH, pituitary stimulated to produce TSH,
thyroid gland produce T3 T4
hormones rise, hypothalamus turns off TRH, stopping pituitary release of TSH
what lab value is associated with hypOthyroidism? Right Ans - high TSH
(body trying to increase T3/T4, but. body not responding, thus more TSH,
continuing loop)
What lab value is associated with hypERthyroidism? Right Ans - low TSH
(body sees to much T3/T4, stops TSH production)
What is hypOthyroidism characterized by? Right Ans - decreased T3/T4 =
decreased metabolism.
Sx: constipation, bradycardia, dyspnea, lethargy
What condition is associated with hypERthyroidism? Right Ans - Graves
Disease
What does Graves Disease results from? Right Ans - Type 2
hypersensitivity reaction in which there is an antibody response against the
TSH receptor
What is the most common form of DM1? Right Ans - immune-mediated
diabetes
, What is Type 1 DM? Right Ans - pancreatic dysfunction secondary to Type
1 Beta-cell destruction
ABSOLUTE INSULIN DEFICIENCY
Are DM1 patients usually obese? Right Ans - No, they are not usually obese
What is Type 2 DM? Right Ans - a chronic metabolic disease characterized
by defects in pancreatic insulin secretion and insulin resistance on target
tissues, resultant hyperglycemia
What is insulin resistance? Right Ans - suboptimal response of insulin-
sensitive tissues (esp liver, muscle, and adipose) to insulin
What is GLP-1? Right Ans - - glucagon-like peptide 1
- incretin that aims to reduce BG, improvs beta-cell responsiveness in pre-
diabetes and DMT2
What is one of the most important contributors to both insulin resistance and
diabetes? Right Ans - obesity
What are the 4 primary complications of diabetes? Right Ans - 1) DKA
2) HHNKS
3) Microvascular disease
4) Macrovascular disease
Why is screening for DM important? Right Ans - complications are
signficant
What is the best test to check long term glucose control? Right Ans -
HgbA1c - glycosylated hemoglobin
Over what period of time does HgbA1c check glucose control? Right Ans -
3-4 months
What is DKA Right Ans - diabetic ketoacidosis
What are three primary causes for DKA? Right Ans - 1) infection
2) new dx
3) non-adherence to treatment plan
What are the two primary mechanisms for hormonal imbalances (high or
low)? Right Ans - 1) inappropriate amounts of hormone delivered to the
target cell
2) inappropriate responses by the target cell
What are 4 reasons for inappropriate hormone amounts? Right Ans - 1)
endocrine gland disorders causing inappropriate synthesis
2) failure of the feedback systems
3) dysfunctional or ectopically produced hormone
4) defects in delivery of the hormone in the blood stream
what does ADH stand for? What does it do? Right Ans - - antidiuretic
hormone
- holds onto water
What condition is associated with TBI leading to increased water excretion?
Right Ans - neurogenic diabetes insipidus
What happens during diabetes insipidus and how does the body attempt to
correct the problem? Right Ans - Decreased excretion of ADH
increased water excretion = polyuria
hypovolemia
polydipsia - increased thirst, attempt to make up for volume loss
What endocrine gland is responsible for diabetes insipidus? Right Ans -
posterior pituitary gland
What endocrine gland is responsible for SIADH? Right Ans - posterior
pituitary gland
What does SIADH stand for? Right Ans - Syndrome of inappropriate
antidiuretic hormone
What is SIADH characterized by? Right Ans - high levels of ADH -
dilutional hyponatremia and hypervolemia
,What different diseases is SIADH associated with? Right Ans - - ectopic
excretion by tumor cells
- pulmonary disorders
- CNS disorders
What is the thyroid gland associated with? Right Ans - metabolism, growth,
development
What kind of feedback loop is used by the thyroid? Right Ans - negative
feedback loop
Describe the loop of thyroid feedback? Right Ans - T3 T4 decrease below
normal, hypothalamus releases TRH, pituitary stimulated to produce TSH,
thyroid gland produce T3 T4
hormones rise, hypothalamus turns off TRH, stopping pituitary release of TSH
what lab value is associated with hypOthyroidism? Right Ans - high TSH
(body trying to increase T3/T4, but. body not responding, thus more TSH,
continuing loop)
What lab value is associated with hypERthyroidism? Right Ans - low TSH
(body sees to much T3/T4, stops TSH production)
What is hypOthyroidism characterized by? Right Ans - decreased T3/T4 =
decreased metabolism.
Sx: constipation, bradycardia, dyspnea, lethargy
What condition is associated with hypERthyroidism? Right Ans - Graves
Disease
What does Graves Disease results from? Right Ans - Type 2
hypersensitivity reaction in which there is an antibody response against the
TSH receptor
What is the most common form of DM1? Right Ans - immune-mediated
diabetes
, What is Type 1 DM? Right Ans - pancreatic dysfunction secondary to Type
1 Beta-cell destruction
ABSOLUTE INSULIN DEFICIENCY
Are DM1 patients usually obese? Right Ans - No, they are not usually obese
What is Type 2 DM? Right Ans - a chronic metabolic disease characterized
by defects in pancreatic insulin secretion and insulin resistance on target
tissues, resultant hyperglycemia
What is insulin resistance? Right Ans - suboptimal response of insulin-
sensitive tissues (esp liver, muscle, and adipose) to insulin
What is GLP-1? Right Ans - - glucagon-like peptide 1
- incretin that aims to reduce BG, improvs beta-cell responsiveness in pre-
diabetes and DMT2
What is one of the most important contributors to both insulin resistance and
diabetes? Right Ans - obesity
What are the 4 primary complications of diabetes? Right Ans - 1) DKA
2) HHNKS
3) Microvascular disease
4) Macrovascular disease
Why is screening for DM important? Right Ans - complications are
signficant
What is the best test to check long term glucose control? Right Ans -
HgbA1c - glycosylated hemoglobin
Over what period of time does HgbA1c check glucose control? Right Ans -
3-4 months
What is DKA Right Ans - diabetic ketoacidosis
What are three primary causes for DKA? Right Ans - 1) infection
2) new dx
3) non-adherence to treatment plan
