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NURS 5315 Module 7 Exam Questions and Answers 2024( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED).
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NURS 5315 Module 7 Exam Questions and Answers 2024( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED).
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NURS 5315 Module 7CNS made of - ANS brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System made up of - ANS 12 pairs of cranial nerves + 31 spinal nerves
Afferent Nerves - ANS Sensory nerves that carry impulses from cells, tissues, and organs to
the CNS
Efferent Nerves - ANS Carry impulses from the CNS to the cells, tissues, and organs.
Neuron - ANS Basic functional unit of the nervous system; primary fuel source is glucose
Cell body - ANS (1) Most are in the CNS.
(a) Nuclei: When cell bodies are densely grouped together
(b) Ganglia/Plexuses: Groups of cell nuclei in the PNS
Dendrite - ANS Projections that collect info and direct it to the cell body
Saltatory conduction - ANS Myelin sheath is responsible for allowing impulses to flow between
the nodes of Ranvier resulting in an increased velocity of impulses
Axon - ANS (1) Conducts impulses to the next neuron
(a) Covered w/ a myelin sheath (lipid material) and are interrupted by nodes of Ranvier
(b) Nutrient exchange cannot occur through the myelin, but it can occur in the nodes of Ranvier.
Sensory Neurons - ANS AFFERENT neurons that carry impulses TOWARD the CNS
Motor Neurons - ANS EFFERENT neurons that carry impulses AWAY from the CNS
Associated Neurons - ANS Transmit impulses from neuron to neuron (only in the CNS)
Mature Neurons - ANS Don't replicate. Injury to them in the CNS is permanent.
Axonal Reaction - ANS Process of peripheral nerve can self-repair (slow)
Neuroglia types - ANS astrocytes, oligodendroglia, microglia, and ependymal cells
,Astrocytes - ANS Fills the spaces between neurons & surrounds the blood vessels. Part of the
blood brain barrier, provide the rapid transport of nutrients & have a role in scar formation &
seizures.
Oligodendroglia - ANS (1) Form the myelin sheath of the brain & spinal cord (CNS).
(a) White Matter: Myelin sheath is white aka "white matter".
(b) Grey Matter: Areas w/o myelin sheath, which is composed mainly of neurons.
Microglia - ANS Tissue macrophages specific to the CNS
Ependymal Cells - ANS Line the ventricles of the brain and the choroid plexuses & are involved
in the production of CSF.
Schwann Cells - ANS Responsible for formation of the myelin sheath in the PNS and provide
metabolic support.
Synapses - ANS i) Where signals are transmitted from one neuron to another.
(1) Consist of presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane which are separated by the synaptic
cleft.
Impulses are transmitted across the cleft via chemical or electrical means
Neurotransmitters function and types - ANS i) Synthesized in the neuron & localized in the
presynaptic terminal.
(1) They're stored on one side of the synaptic cleft & their receptors are located on the opposite
side
(2) Chemical synapses only work in one direction.
-acetylcholine, monoamines, amino acids
Acetylcholine - ANS (a) Is excitatory & inhibitory.
(i) Located in skeletal muscles (excitatory), brain and spinal cord.
(ii) Inhibitory effects are on the cardiac muscle.
(iii) Deactivated by acetylcholinesterase.
Monoamines - ANS (a) synthesized from the amino acids (tyrosine & tryptophan)
(i) Includes histamine, serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, & norepinephrine
(ii) Found in various parts of the brain & effect learning, emotions, and motor control.
1. Dopamine deficiency=Parkinson's
2. Epinephrine & Norepinephrine: Motor control in the sympathetic pathways
Amino acids - ANS (i) Glutamate (brain & spinal cord): Excitatory effects. Drugs that block
glutamate treat ALS
(ii) Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA, located in neurons of the CNS): Inhibitory at the
postsynaptic membrane. Drugs that increase GABA treat seizures.
(iii) Glycine (Spinal cord): Inhibitory effects on the postsynaptic membrane
, Cerebrum - ANS Right + Left hemispheres that are connected by the corpus callosum (which
maintains communication between the 2 hemispheres)
Cerebral cortex - ANS 1) Gray matter that covers the cerebrum.
a) White matters lies beneath the cerebral cortex and is made up on the myelinated axons of
the CNS
3 meninges that surround the CNS - ANS subarachnoid, arachnoid, subdural space (epidural
space)
Subarachnoid space - ANS a) Above the pia mater & below the arachnoid mater; houses
arteries & carries CSF.
i) Pia Mater: Covers the cerebrum directly and contains some arterial supply.
Arachnoid space - ANS Middle meningeal, avascular.
Subdural space - ANS a) Houses the venous circulation and is located between the arachnoid
meningeal and the dura mater.
i) Dura mater: Outermost meninge and contains the venous system.
Epidural space - ANS a) A potential space between the dura mater and the skull, houses some
of the intracranial arteries
CSF - ANS 1) Supportive and protective cushion of the CNS
a) Found in the subarachnoid space & within cavities and canals of the brain.
b) There are 4 ventricles that are large fluid filled spaces w/in the brain.
c) CSF is made by the separation of the fluid from blood in the choroid plexus.
Choroid Plexus - ANS A network of capillaries that project from the pia mater into the ventricles,
each is covered w/ a sheet of ependymal cells that secrete CSF into the fluid spaces.
Frontal lobe function - ANS -Prefrontal: goal-oriented behavior, short-term or recall memory,
elaboration of thought, and inhibition on the limbic (emotional areas)
-Directs voluntary skeletal actions (contralaterally)
-Communication (talking, writing), emotions, intellect, reasoning, judgment, and behavior
Broca's Area - ANS Responsible for speech, injury results in expressive dysphagia, frontal lobe
Temporal lobe function - ANS Interprets impulses from the ear.
-Wernicke's area: Interprets auditory stimuli, interprets speech
-Major areas for long-term memory and balance, taste, smell
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