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NURS 5315: Adv Patho Exam 2 Set 1 Questions and Answers 2024( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED).
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NURS 5315: Adv Patho Exam 2 Set 1 Questions and Answers 2024( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED).
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NURS 5315: Adv Patho Exam 2 Set 1First 5 steps in the inflammatory process - ANS 1. mast cell degranulation
2. activation of coagulation cascade
3. activation of kinin cascade
4. release of chemotactic factors
5.Activation of the complement cascade
Role/function in the inflammatory process: Complement - ANS Form the membrane attack
complex
bacterial lysis
vasodilation
Increased vascular permeability
triggers mast cell degranulation
chemotaxis
opsonization - opsonins tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytes
Role/function in the inflammatory process: kinin - ANS turned into bradykinin which is
responsible for pain, chemotaxis and Increased vascular permeability and vasodilation
Role/function in the inflammatory process: Coagulation cascade - ANS plays role in activating
the kinin system
Factor XII (Hagemon factor) activates kinin and forms a fibrin mesh to stop bleeding and trap
microorganisms
Role/function in the inflammatory process: chemotactic factors - ANS once released attract
neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes for phagocytosis
Role/function in the inflammatory process: Neutrophils - ANS show up at the site of injury in 6-8
hours
Neutrophils express and release cytokines, which in turn amplify inflammatory reactions by
several other cell types. In addition to recruiting and activating other cells of the immune system,
neutrophils play a key role in the front-line defense against invading pathogens.
Role/function in the inflammatory process: monocytes - ANS Show up in 1-7 days
become macrophages
present antigens to the CD4 cell which leads to T Cell immunity which leads to B cell immunity
Releases IL1, IL6, TNF and growth factors
Role/function in the inflammatory process: Mast cell degranulation - ANS triggers the activation
of the acute phase reactants
, This leads to the release of histamine, cytokines, leukotrienes, platelet activation factor and
prostaglandins
Role/function in the inflammatory process: Histamine 1 (H1) - ANS promotes inflammation
smooth muscles, i.e. bronchial - asthma causes bronchoconstriction
Role/function in the inflammatory process: Histamine 2 (H2) - ANS anti-inflammatory properties
gastric mucosa
Role/function in the inflammatory process: cytokines - ANS IL4 early in the inflammation
IL 13 later in inflammation
TNF
Role/function in the inflammatory process: leukotrienes - ANS released when mast cell
degranulation cause vasodilation
attract neutrophils, monocytes eosinophils
Singular impacts leukotrienes
Role/function in the inflammatory process: prostaglandins - ANS released when the mast cell
degranulators
produced by the arachidonic pathway
cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation, pain and fever
Role/function in the inflammatory process: platelet-activating factor - ANS derived from fatty
acids in the plasma membrane
produced by neutrophils, monocytes, endothelial and platelets
cause endothelial cell retraction, increases vascular permeability, activates platelets, enhances
leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cell
Steps in the arachidonic acid pathway - ANS Linoleic acid plus phospholipase A2 make
arachidonic acid (AA)
AA plus COX1 or COX 2 make Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins from COX1 maintain homeostasis
gastric mucosa
platelet aggregation
fluid/electrolyte imbalance
Prostaglandins from COX2 assist in the inflammatory process via pain, fever
help with homeostasis via renal function
tissue repair
reproduction development
Function of arachidonic acid pathway - ANS The arachidonic pathway is the biochemical
process responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandins (See concept map).
It is made from linoleic acid which is part of the phospholipid cell membrane.
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