Recently, I have been graded an A* in the summer 2024 examinations. Here are some notes covering the AQA A-Level specification for Approaches- a topic involved in paper 2.
WUDNT-> Conducted first ever lab study dedicated to psychological
research, this marked the beginning of scientific psychology. Attempted to
study the mind in a controlled and scientific environment. Wundt used
standardised procedures to enable replication to be achievable.
INTROSPECTION-> First systematic experimental attempt to study the
mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of
thoughts, images, sensations (structuralism).
EMERGANCE OF PSYCHOLOGY AS A SCIENCE->
1900- Behaviourist= rejected introspection as it wasn’t scientific enough
(argued you should be able to observe and measure the mind)
1950- Cognitive= used scientific procedures to study mental processes
(linked mind to a computer e.g. MSM)
AO3 FOR ORIGINS ON PSYCHOLOGY: Scientific (used labs), subjective data
(Wundt got ppts to self-report their mental processes), research in modern
psychology can claim to be scientific (learning approaches, cognitive and
biological rely on scientific methos such as lab studies).
, 1- LEARNING APPROACH: BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH:
ASSUMPTIONS:
· Focuses on observable and measurable behaviour.
· Use of lab studies to maintain control and objectivity.
· Use non-human animals as believe basic structures that govern
learning are the same in all species.
· 2 important forms of learning: classical conditioning, operant
conditioning.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING-> Behaviour is learnt through association.
Pavlov’s dogs:
UCS (food)-> UCR (salivation)
NS (bell)-> NR (no response)
UCS + NS-> UCR
CS (bell)-> CR (salivation)
OPERANT CONDITIONING-> Behaviour is shaped and maintained by its
consequences. Skinners rats: (reinforcement- increase likelihood of
behaviour being repeated, punishment- decreases)
· Positive reinforcement-> receiving a reward when behaviour is
performed (e.g. Skinners rats= pressed lever and rewarded with food)
Negative reinforcement-> behaviour is produced which avoids something
unpleasant (e.g. Skinners rats= pressed lever and avoids an electric
shock)
· Punishment-> unpleasant consequence of behaviour
AO3: Practical applications (systematic desensitisation is based off of
classical conditioning), deterministic approach (claims behaviour is learnt
through stimuli-response actions- doesn’t consider the role free-will has on
behaviour), questions generalisability to humans (animal studies)
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