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NURS 251 Pharm - Exam 5 Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+
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NURS 251 Pharm - Exam 5 Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+
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NURS 251 Pharm - Exam 5 Questionsand Complete Solutions Graded A+
Main functions of the respiratory system - Answer: (1) deliver oxygen to the cells of body. (2) remove
carbon dioxide from body.
upper respiratory tract - Answer: outside chest cavity
(nose, and nasopharynx; down to the larynx).
lower respiratory tract - Answer: organs within chest
(trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs).
alveoli - Answer: microscopic sacs where oxygen diffuses across and exchanged for carbon dioxide when
a person breathes in air
the diffused oxygen is then taken to the rest of the body through the - Answer: circulatory system
Several common diseases that affect airways and exchange of gas - Answer: asthma, COPD,
emphysema, chronic bronchitis
Asthma - Answer: general term for recurrent and reversible shortness of breath resulting from the
narrowing of the bronchi and bronchioles.
COPD - Answer: consists of both emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
emphysema - Answer: a disease process involving inflammation of the alveoli.
chronic bronchitis - Answer: chronic inflammation or irritation on the lower respiratory tract, specifically
the bronchi.
, The primary drugs used in the treatment of both asthma and COPD - Answer: bronchodilators and a
variety of anti-inflammatory and antiallergic agents.
All three of these diseases have one primary similarity - Answer: they all involve obstruction of airflow
through the airways.
Chemical Mediators - Answer: are defined as a substance released from mast cells and white blood cells
during inflammation and allergic reactions. As such, chemical mediators are responsible for most of the
symptoms and complications associated with asthma and COPD.
The only chemical mediator with a known involvement where drug therapy has been shown to help
patient symptoms is - Answer: Leukotrienes
Leukotrienes - Answer: are potent bronchoconstrictors with a long duration of action. They stimulate
receptors responsible for bronchoconstriction, edema and other inflammatory actions.
leukotriene inhibitors - Answer: a class of drugs that inhibit these actions and have an important role in
treating asthma specifically.
Asthma pathophysiology - Answer: -narrowing of the bronchioles can be caused by bronchospasm,
inflammation, edema and the production of mucus.
-This ultimately obstructs airflow meaning that the carbon dioxide cannot t get out and the oxygen
cannot get in.
Emphysema pathophysiology - Answer: -occurs when the air spaces enlarge as a result of the
destruction of the alveolar walls.
-The cause of this appears to be enzymes that are released in response to inflammation.
-Hyperinflation is the result of the air spaces being enlarged.
-This results in a reduction in gas exchange and the feeling of shortness of breath.
chronic bronchitis pathophysiology - Answer: irritants cause mucus secretions to increase and thicken
which can begin to interfere with gas exchange within lungs.
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