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MHA 707 Exam 2- Special Topics
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MHA 707 Exam 2- Special TopicsPrivate sector in Canada - -30%, private health insurance and out of pocket
payments
-Canada Population - -35.1M- 2/3 live on southern border and 84% within
urban centers
-Age and Ethnicity in Canada - --age 41.8
-white 87%
-Indian 4.2%
-other 5.2%
-Literacy in Canada and Government - -99% and parliamentary
-Life Expectancy in Canada - -male- 79.2 years
female 84.5 years
-GDP - --$1.785 trillion USD
-HC 10.6%
-per capita spending on HC $4,752
-public debt 71% GDP
-canadians below poverty line 16.2%
-Size of Canada - -9.9 M sq. KM
-Health Care System - -NHI (canadian medicare) funds over 70% of all HC
expenditures. Each province sets a budget and dictates what it will pay for
health services - sets prices and also, a limit on overall spending
-Canadian Medicare - -is a joint program between the federal government
and the 13 provinces and territories of Canada. All citizens are covered by
Canadian Medicare or some other federally-directed program.
-PHI in Canada - -is usually provided as a perquisite of employment or
purchased by individuals in the marketplace.
-What % of premiums are paid through employers? - -90% of premiums for
private health plans are paid through employers, unions, or other
organizations under a group contract. The coverage provided by PHI pays for
the services excluded under universal coverage, such as vision and dental
care, prescription drugs, rehabilitation services and private hospital rooms.
-Where does the funding for Canadian Health System's budget come from? -
-comes from general taxation with provinces leading the way on budgeting.
, Federal government matches the provincial spending in a dollar-for-dollar
program via yearly block grants.
-Out of pocket contributions from citizens - -approach 15% of total health
expenditures and generally focus on medications, dental and optical care.
This is a growing fraction of expenditures.
-When does the government grant a tax credit up to 15% of net income to
assist with expenses? - -Once a citizen pays more than 3% of his/her net
income for out-of-pocket expenses
-Some have said Canada has - -13 or more health systems
-how many people in 2006 worked in HC occupations? - -About 6% of
Canada's workforce- 1 million people.
-In 2011, what was the ratio of nurses? - -there were 270,700 registered
nurses in Canada (885 RNs for every 100,000 population). In addition, there
were 277 LPNs per 100,000 people. (This places Canada above the average
nurse per population ratio of G8 countries.)
-Canadian Physicians - --Most physicians are self-employed and work in
private practices. -About 46% of GPs work in a group practice
-20% in multi-specialty practices
-15% in solo practice. Fee-for-service (FFS) is the primary form of physician
reimbursement although recently there has been a move toward alternative
forms of payment, such as capitation.
-In 2017, FFS payments made up about - -40% of GP payments in Ontario,
72% in Quebec, and 82% in British Columbia. Salaried physicians represent
only a small number of Canadian doctors.
-GP/Gatekeepers - -The first point of contact for most patients in Canada is
through general practice physicians. GPs act as the "gatekeepers" for
secondary care (specialists, hospitalization, therapy, etc.). The majority of
primary care services are delivered in physician's offices.
-ambulatory care settings and Community Health Centers (CHC) - -which
are operated by the provinces, are becoming more common sites for primary
care delivery. In 2010, there were approximately 300 CHCs in Canada.
-Theoretically, patients have a free choice of their general practitioner. - -In
practice, patients may not be accepted into a GPs practice if that doctor has
a closed list.
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