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Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 4 Set 2 musk and endo Questions and Answers 2024 100% Verified.
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Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 4 Set 2 musk and endo Questions and Answers 2024 100% Verified.
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Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 4 Set 2 muskand endo
Osteoporosis - ANS Most common bone disease in humans.
A condition in which the body's bones are marked by low bone mineral density, impaired
structural integrity, decreased bone strength.
bone density classifications - ANS Normal bone mass > 833 mg/cm2
Osteopenia: bone mass of 648-833 mg/cm2
Osteoporosis: bone mass < 648 mg/cm2
RANKL - ANS CYTOKINE RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR kB ligand
Gower's sign - ANS Difficulty rising to standing position; has to walk up legs using hands;
occurs in Muscular dystrophy
Adipokines - ANS protein hormones made and released by adipose tissue (fat) cells, regulate
food intake and metabolism.
increase or decrease fat mass
provide signals to the hypothalamus, brainstem, ANS and hunger center to regulate satiety and
energy balance.
adipose tissue-gut-brain axis - ANS GI tract releases adipokines and hormones which interact
with the brain and contribute to the pathophysiology of obesity.
visceral obesity - ANS Distribution of body fat is localized around the abdomen and upper body
"Apple shape"
Associated with chronic inflammation, metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, type 2 DM,
CV disease, osteoarthritis, fatty liver and cancer.
peripheral obesity - ANS fat is distributed around the thighs and buttocks (pear) and is more
common in women. Risk factors are less severe than those with visceral obesity.
Primary thyroid disorders - ANS conditions that result from dysfunction of the thyroid gland
subclinical thyroid disease - ANS presence of disease without obvious symptoms
secondary thyroid disorders - ANS conditions that results from the dysfunction of either the
pituitary or the hypothalamus
Somogyi effect - ANS hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia
, Dawn phenomenon - ANS an increase in blood glucose in the early morning, most likely due to
increased glucose production in the liver after an overnight fast
microvascular disease: Definition and example - ANS Disease of the finer blood vessels in the
body, including the capillaries. In contrast to macrovascular disease. The microvascular
complications of diabetes such as neuropathy can lead to loss of sensation and the
development of foot ulcers.
Macrovascular disease: Definition and example - ANS Macrovascular disease is associated
with the development of coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, brain attack
(stroke), and increased risk of infection. Type 2 diabetes is more closely associated with
macrovascular diseases than type 1 diabetes.
Exophthalmos or proptosis in Graves' disease - ANS Forward projection of bulging of the eye
out of the orbit secondary to fat deposits behind the eye
Can be unilateral OR bilateral.
Pancreas - ANS Located behind the stomach, between the spleen and duodenum and contains
islets of Langerhans.
The first function is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are
delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct.
The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help
regulate blood glucose levels.
Thyroid - ANS The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck just below
the Adams apple.
Regulates metabolism and causes bones to store calcium.
islets of Langerhans cell types - ANS alpha cells secrete glucagon
beta cells secrete gastrin
delta cells secrete gastrin and somatostatin
F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide that stimulates the secretion of gastric acid and inhibits
cholecystokinin secretion
polyphagia - ANS excessive hunger
Glycogenolysis - ANS breakdown of glycogen to glucose
metabolic syndrome - ANS A syndrome marked by the presence of usually three or more of a
group of factors (as high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high triglyceride levels, low HDL
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