Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 3 Set 2
Ventilation - ANS movement of air in and out of the lungs
Respiration - ANS The process by which cells break down simple food molecules to release the
energy they contain.
Minute Ventilation (VE) - ANS Set flow of expired gas in one minute
VE = VT x RR
Normal VE is 5-8L/min.
< 10 weaning
alveolar ventilation - ANS The volume of air that reaches the alveoli.
Measured by PaCO2
It is determined by subtracting the amount of dead space air from the tidal volume.
Functions of the pulmonary system - ANS ventilated alveoli
diffuse gases in and out of blood,
perfuse the lungs so that the organs and tissues of the body receive blood that is rich in O2 and
low in CO2
Diaphragm - ANS Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with inspiration
contracts > increased negative pressure in the lungs and draws air in
Accessory muscles of inspiration - ANS sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles
Exhalation - ANS The passive part of the breathing process in which the diaphragm and the
intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs.
alveolar surface tension - ANS promotes ease of breathing
Surfactant - ANS chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli
and keep them from collapsing
elastic recoil of the lungs - ANS ability of the chest wall to return to normal after inspiration
generally passive
accessory muscles help if elastic recoil is not enough, i.e. COPD
, Compliance of pulmonary ventilation - ANS Ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be
expanded
determined by alveolar surface tension and chest wall elastic recoil
increases w/ COPD
decreases w/ ARDS, pneumonia, pulmonary edema
airway resistance - ANS dependent on the length, diameter, radius of airways and density,
viscosity, velocity of the gas exchange
normal = low
bronchodilation decreases airway resistance
bronchoconstriction increases airway resistance
gas transport steps - ANS 1. lung ventilation
2. oxygen diffusion from alveoli to the blood
3. perfusion of the organs and tissues
4. diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the cells
removal of CO2 steps - ANS 1. diffusion of CO2 from the cells into the blood
2. Perfusion of lungs via venous system
3. CO2 diffusion from the blood into alveoli
4. exhalation
barometric pressure - ANS total pressure in the air exerted by all gas molecules
partial pressure - ANS pressure exerted by one gas, i.e. PaO2
Effective gas exchange requires: - ANS equal distribution of ventilation and perfusion
clear airways
normal lungs and chest wall
adequate pulmonary circulation
lung zones - ANS Zone 1 - apices, ventilation is greater than perfusion
Zone 2 above left atrium
Zone 3 - base of lung, perfusion and ventilation are best
V/Q ratio - ANS A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively
(ventilation) and how much blood is gaining access to the alveoli (perfusion)
Normal is .8
Low VQ = issue w/ ventilation
high VQ ratio = normal ventilation, impaired perfusion
restrictive lung disorder - ANS condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs
decreased lung volume and decreased FVC
Ventilation - ANS movement of air in and out of the lungs
Respiration - ANS The process by which cells break down simple food molecules to release the
energy they contain.
Minute Ventilation (VE) - ANS Set flow of expired gas in one minute
VE = VT x RR
Normal VE is 5-8L/min.
< 10 weaning
alveolar ventilation - ANS The volume of air that reaches the alveoli.
Measured by PaCO2
It is determined by subtracting the amount of dead space air from the tidal volume.
Functions of the pulmonary system - ANS ventilated alveoli
diffuse gases in and out of blood,
perfuse the lungs so that the organs and tissues of the body receive blood that is rich in O2 and
low in CO2
Diaphragm - ANS Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with inspiration
contracts > increased negative pressure in the lungs and draws air in
Accessory muscles of inspiration - ANS sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles
Exhalation - ANS The passive part of the breathing process in which the diaphragm and the
intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs.
alveolar surface tension - ANS promotes ease of breathing
Surfactant - ANS chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli
and keep them from collapsing
elastic recoil of the lungs - ANS ability of the chest wall to return to normal after inspiration
generally passive
accessory muscles help if elastic recoil is not enough, i.e. COPD
, Compliance of pulmonary ventilation - ANS Ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be
expanded
determined by alveolar surface tension and chest wall elastic recoil
increases w/ COPD
decreases w/ ARDS, pneumonia, pulmonary edema
airway resistance - ANS dependent on the length, diameter, radius of airways and density,
viscosity, velocity of the gas exchange
normal = low
bronchodilation decreases airway resistance
bronchoconstriction increases airway resistance
gas transport steps - ANS 1. lung ventilation
2. oxygen diffusion from alveoli to the blood
3. perfusion of the organs and tissues
4. diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the cells
removal of CO2 steps - ANS 1. diffusion of CO2 from the cells into the blood
2. Perfusion of lungs via venous system
3. CO2 diffusion from the blood into alveoli
4. exhalation
barometric pressure - ANS total pressure in the air exerted by all gas molecules
partial pressure - ANS pressure exerted by one gas, i.e. PaO2
Effective gas exchange requires: - ANS equal distribution of ventilation and perfusion
clear airways
normal lungs and chest wall
adequate pulmonary circulation
lung zones - ANS Zone 1 - apices, ventilation is greater than perfusion
Zone 2 above left atrium
Zone 3 - base of lung, perfusion and ventilation are best
V/Q ratio - ANS A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively
(ventilation) and how much blood is gaining access to the alveoli (perfusion)
Normal is .8
Low VQ = issue w/ ventilation
high VQ ratio = normal ventilation, impaired perfusion
restrictive lung disorder - ANS condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs
decreased lung volume and decreased FVC
