Exam (elaborations)
Principles of Sociology Exam 1
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Principles of Sociology Exam 1
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Principles of Sociology Exam 1sociology - -study of human society
-sociological imagination - -C. Wright Mills (history and biography); the
ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual's life to
seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces; makes our own lives
ordinary BUT serves as source of comfort, helping us to realize that we are
not alone in our experiences
-social institution - -a complex group of interdependent positions that
perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time; also defined in a
narrow sense as any institution in a society that works to shape the behavior
of the groups or people within it; NOT just a name (Phillip Morris => Altria)
-Auguste Comte - -French scholar; "social physics" or "positivism"; need to
make moral sense of the social order in a time of declining religious
authority; equations/underlying logic to society
-Harriet Martineau - -one of earliest feminist social scientists writing in
English; Theory and Practice of Society in America
-Karl Marx - -Marxism; time of industrial revolution so he sees people
becoming slaves to industrial technology to make a living; **conflict** is
driving force; proletariat vs. bourgeoisie
-Max Weber - -1864-1920; brought ideas back to history - multiple
influences of culture, economics, and politics; Verstehen; Status and Prestige
-Verstehen - -German for understanding; forms the object of inquiry for
interpretive sociology - to study how social actors understand their actions
and the social world through their experience (meanings people attach to
their actions)
-Emile Durkheim - -Functionalism; The Division of Labor in Society - division
of labor in a society helps to determine its form of social solidarity (the way
social cohesion is maintained); anomie; The Elemental Forms of Religious
Life; Suicide; positivist sociology
-anomie - -a sense of aimlessness of despair that arises when we can no
longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation;
normlessness
-Georg Simmel - -formal sociology - sociology of pure numbers; provided
formal definitions for small and large groups
, -Chicago School - -emergence of American sociology; social ecology -
humans' behaviors and personalities are shaped by their social and physical
environments; "social self" (Mead and Cooley)
-Charles Horton Cooley - -"looking glass self" - self emerges from an
interactive social process where we envision how others perceive us and
then gauge the responses of other individuals to our presentation of self
(self-concept)
-George Herbert Mead - -Mind, Self, and Society; "generalized other" - our
view of the views of society as a whole that transcend individuals or
particular situations; **it is through social interaction that meaning emerges
-W.I. Thomas - -"if men define situations as real they are real in their
consequences"
-W.E.B. Dubois - -first sociologist to undertake ethnography in the African
American community; double consciousness
-double consciousness - -a concept conceived by W.E.B. Dubois to describe
the two behavioral scripts, one for moving through the world and the other
incorporating the external opinions of prejudiced onlookers, which are
constantly maintained by African Americans; "the talented tenth"
-Jane Addams - -Hull House; attempted to link the ideas of the university to
the poor through a full-service community center; regarded as just a social
worker but this was probably because she was a women (maybe because of
the applied nature of her work)
-Functionalism - -Durkheim and Talcott Parsons; theory that various social
institutions and processes in society exist to serve some important (or
necessary) function to keep society running; manifest (explicit) and latent
(implicit) functions; extension of organicism - notion that society is like a
living organism, each part serving an important role in keeping society
together; social inequality = "device by which societies ensure that the most
important positions are conscientiously filled by the most qualified persons"
-Conflict Theory - -the idea that conflict between competing interests is
basic, animating force of social change and society in general; think Marx
and Mills; somewhat opposed to functionalism
-Feminist Theory - -sort of a part of conflict theory; emphasis on women's
experiences and a belief that sociology and society in general subordinate
women
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