Exam 1 Bio 210 Lecture questions with
What is microbiology?
study of microbes/microorganisms
specialized area of biology that deals with organisms too small to be seen the naked eye
What constitutes a microbe?
prokaryotes
eukaryotes
EX: bacteria, Archaea, unicellular algae, yeasts...
What are some characteristics of studying microbes? - answersthey reproduce rapidly
so studying them is convenient and doesn't take a lot of time
must use a microscope
When did study of microbes begin? - answersin 1700 when the microscope was
invented
What is the impact of microbes on the planet and people? - answersThey are essential
for life on Earth:
- Produce energy and O2 by photosynthesis (70%)
- Decomposition - microorganisms break down
- Nutrient availability (N), amino acids, cellulose (fiber)
What are the major groups of microorganisms? Which are prokaryotes? Eukaryotes? -
answersProkaryotes:
Bacteria, Archaea
Eukaryotes:
Algae, Protozoa, Helminths, Fungi
Viruses
Are viruses living? Why or why not? - answersNOT LIVING
they cannot live on their own because they lack the necessary enzymes they need to
survive on their own, must infect a host to live
How much of Earth's history was exclusively microbial? - answers80%
,3 billion years
When did we begin seeing organisms on Earth that were not mircoorganisms? -
answers1 billion years ago
What is ubiquitous? - answersfound everywhere
What are microbes found? - answersuniquitous
hot springs
polar ice caps
inside the bodies of plants and animals
How much of the oxygen is made by algae in the oceans? - answers50%
more than the rainforests
What does medical microbiology deal with? - answersdeals with microbes that cause
diseases in humans and animals
What does Public Health Microbiology and Epidmiolgy do? - answersmonitor and
control the spread of diseases in communities
USPHS, Center for Disease Control (CDC), WHO
What does Immunology study/do? - answerscomplex web of proactive substances and
cells produced in response to infection
includes vaccination, blood testing, and allergy
role of the immune system in cancer and autoimmune disease
What does Industrial Microbiology do? - answersSafeguards our food and water
biotechnology
microbes used to create amino acids, beer, drugs, enzymes, and vitamins
What does Agricultural Microbiology study? - answersrelationships between microbes
and domesticated plants and animals
plant specialists, animal specialists
What does Environmental Microbiology study? - answersStudies the effect of microbes
on the earth's diverse habitats
,Aquatic, soil, and geomicrobiology and astobiology
How do humans use microorganisms? Examples? - answersuse them to improve life
and shape civilizations
Ex:
yeast for production of bread, wine, and beer
fungi and bacteria used for cheese production
moldy bread in Egypt used to treat wounds (Penicillin)
What is biotechnology? - answersthe human use of microorganisms that manipulates
microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting
What is genetic engineering? - answersthe human use of microorganisms that
manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for the purpose of creating
new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
What is Recombinant DNA technology? - answersthe human use of microorganisms
that allows the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another and
deliberately alter DNA
What is bioremediation? - answersthe human use of microorganisms that introduces
microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants
oil spills
What is a pathogen? - answersany agent such as a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan,
or helminth that causes disease
How many microbes can cause disease? - answers2000
What are examples of diseases caused by microbes? - answersBubonic Plague
Conquest of Incas
Potato famine
Small Pox (50 million)
What is malaria? - answersMalaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that
are transmitted to people through the bites of infected mosquitos
How many people does malaria kill every year? - answers440,000 - 700,000 people
every year
, What is the Golden Age of Microbiology? - answers"obvious" diseases were
characterized and cures or preventions were devised (TB, measles, polio)
Do all microbes cause disease? - answersNo
What is Robert Hooke known for? - answersmade the first observations of microbes in
the 1600s
What is Antonie van Leeuwenhoek known for? - answersmade a crude microscope to
examine threads in fabrics
made drawings of what he called "animalcules" scraped from his teeth
Larger bacteria
What did Pasteur disprove? How? - answersDisproved Spontaneous generation
Bacteria do not just show up. If you want it to grow you have to have bacteria present. If
it isn't present it will never be present
broken neck flask and non broken flask
What did Edward Jenner do? - answersVaccinated an 8-year old boy with fluid from
cow-pox blisters- challenged with fluid from small pox blister in 1796
cow pox was similar to enough to small pox that it prevented people from getting small
pox
What did Ferdinand Cohn do? - answersdiscovered endospores
What did Pasteur invent? - answerspasteurization
showed that human disease could arise from infection
What is pasteurization? - answersreduces total microbial population and thereby
increases the shelf life of treated material
What did Robert Koch do? - answersestablished a series of proofs that verified the
germ theory of disease
made Koch's postulates - list decides if something is infectious
What is Koch's postulates? - answersisolate the microbe from diseased/dead animal.
Grow in pure culture. Use pure culture to infect healthy animal. Re-isolate microbe from
the reinfected animal.
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