Neural Basis of Behavior: Exam with correct answers 2024
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Neural Basis of Behavior: Exa
Institution
Neural Basis Of Behavior: Exa
Congitive neuroscience correct answers Seeks to determine how the brain processes information, makes memories, makes decisions, and produces a human being
- Wants to understand how parts and their interactions embody and process information --> what things do instead of what they are
Categ...
Congitive neuroscience correct answers Seeks to determine how the brain processes
information, makes memories, makes decisions, and produces a human being
- Wants to understand how parts and their interactions embody and process information
--> what things do instead of what they are
Categories of research tools for linking brain circuits to behavior correct answers
Correctional
Correlational
Lesion
Stimulation
Role of a neuron correct answers Depends largely on its inputs and outputs
Connectional methods correct answers Examining the inputs and outputs of a neuron
to determine its role
How to trace connections to and from a given neuron or a given region of the brain
correct answers Tracer along the tracts of neurons
Anterograde tracers correct answers Injected into cell body and then transported down
axon
Retrograde tracers correct answers Injected into the axon terminal
Drawback of tracers correct answers Had to actually remove the brain to see where the
tracers had gone
Diffusion tensor imaging correct answers Uses MRI to create detailed maps of the
direction of water diffusion within living tissues
- on tracts because water travels more easily on them
Limits of connectional methods correct answers Still need to know the approximate
functions of the input and output regions
- Hints provided must be confirmed or refuted by more direct observations
Correlational methods correct answers Making observations of brain activity while an
individual performs some type of behavior
Microelectrodes correct answers Recording the electrical activity of neurons
- Implanted directly into the brain during brain surgery
,Microdialysis probes correct answers Sampling the concentrations of chemical
neurotransmitters directly from brain tissue
Voltammetry probes correct answers Detect neurotransmitter concentrations via minute
fluctuations in electrical potential within the probes
eeg correct answers Record electrical signal on the scalp that are generated by
oscillating electrical activity in nearby brain regions
Magnetoencephalography correct answers Records fainter magnetic fields that
accompany this electrical activity
Positron emission tomography correct answers Injecting small amounts of radioactively
labeled chemical compounds into the body and then mapping out their distribution
within the brain
- ex. Water, glucose
Magnetic resonance imagining correct answers As neurons increase or decrease their
activity levels, the changes register as changes in blood flow and oxygenation
- generate whole brain maps of blood flow and blood oxygenation
Voxel based morphometry correct answers Measures subtle differences in the shape or
thickness of brain structures
- MRI based
Causational studies correct answers Lesion methods and stimulation methods
Limitations of lesion studies correct answers Lesions are rarely spare neighboring
circuits or structures
- If a patient with such a lesion doesn't show and has an obvious deficit, we might
falsely conclude that the damaged structure is not involved in this
- Exact nature of the deficit must be assessed carefully or the wrong conclusions can
arise
Stimulation methods correct answers ex. Opening brain and applying electric current
and eliciting movement
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) correct answers Uses electromagnetic coils
held against the scalp to generate focused magnetic field pulses that pass through the
skull to activate neurons directly underneath the site of stimulation
- Can generate movements in the body
- Study the neural circuitry responsible for a much wider range of functions
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) correct answers Depression
treatment
, Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) correct answers Applying two electrodes
to the scalp about half the size of a credit card
- A small device passes a weak, constant electrical current across the two electrodes so
that the current passes through the scalp and the underlying brain regions
- Neurons under the positive side tend to be inhibited by this kind of stimulation;
opposite for neurons under the negative side
- 20 minutes of this can produce measurable changes in functions
Limitations of stimulation studies correct answers Effects of stimulation may spread
beyond the target area
- bc they're physically adjacent or strongly connected
Three fundamental problems the brain is meant to solve correct answers 1)
Homeostasis
2) Agnostic behavior
3) Reproduction
Agnostic behavior correct answers Defense
- fighting off challenges
- and chasing down prey
Is the brain NOT equipped to understand itself? correct answers The brain is far from a
universal, all purpose computing device (three problems)
- Human cognition is full of biases and pitfalls that make this hard
How is the brain equipped to understand itself? correct answers We have managed to
develop a reliable toolbox of techniques for making the best of our available cognitive
strengths, routing around the worst pitfalls, and working our way toward a useful model
of our own brain functions
affect heuristic correct answers the brain substitues the easy question "how do I feel
about it" for the harder question "what do I think about it"
illusory correlation correct answers Tendency to percieve a relationship b/t events that
are not actually connected
belief bias correct answers valid arguments with hard to believe conclusions are
rejected
Toolbox of critical thinking techniques to circumvent the biases correct answers
Scientific method
- replication
- peer review
What makes a good hypothesis? correct answers Falsifiable
- Parsimonious
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