Do all human cells have the same DNA? Yes, except gametes
How do our cells become different from each other? certain genes making up that DNA are turned on while others are turned off
What happens when a gene is turned on? it undergoes transcription and translation to make a protein
What happens...
ECU BIO 1050 Exam 2 Questions and
Correct Answers
Do all human cells have the same DNA? ✅Yes, except gametes
How do our cells become different from each other? ✅certain genes making up that
DNA are turned on while others are turned off
What happens when a gene is turned on? ✅it undergoes transcription and translation
to make a protein
What happens when a gene is turned off? ✅it does not function
Do all specialized cells have the same pattern of active genes? ✅each cell type has a
different pattern of active genes
What is a genome? ✅a complete set of an organism's DNA
What is sequencing? ✅determining the order of bases on DNA and where genes occur
Is the human genome the only one that has been sequenced? ✅no (others include
fruit fly, onion, salamander, amoeba, and more!)
What is non-coding ("junk") DNA? ✅DNA that controls when proteins are made and
not made instead of directly coding for a protein
Allows us to be more complex
Function of DNA in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes ✅prokaryotes have more coding DNA
than non-coding
eukaryotes have less coding DNA than non-coding
What uses are there for genomics? ✅1. Compare genomes of species or individuals
for things like:
bioterrorism crime solving (anthrax)
study evolution
track diseases
2. Manipulate genes to:
create genetically modified organisms
work on human gene therapy
What is stem cells? ✅subset of cells that can divide many times without becoming
specialized and become any (or many) specialized cell type
, What are the 2 categories of stem cells? ✅embryonic and adult
Where do embryonic stem cells come from? ✅come from embryos via IFV leftovers,
umbilical cords, or cloning
Where does adult stem cells come from? ✅comes from adults, primarily from bone
marrow
Which type of stem cell produces better medical results? ✅embryonic
What are clones? ✅A genetically identical cell that contains that inserted DNA.
What are the 2 types of cloning? ✅whole organism cloning and therapeutic cloning
therapeutic cloning ✅creation of cells for medical use
What whole organisms have been cloned? ✅sheep, cats, dogs, cows (not humans-
yet!)
What happens to a normal cell during the cell cycle? ✅Cells go through checkpoints in
cell cycle
What inspects the cells? ✅Proteins
What do proteins check? ✅If a cell needs to divide, if a cell is large enough to divide, if
DNA has been copied correctly and is positioned properly
What happens if a problem is found during a checkpoint? ✅A cell gets the signal from
a protein and dies
What provides the directions to make these proteins? ✅Genes
What happens when these proteins are normal? ✅Cell division works properly
What happens when these proteins do not work properly? ✅Abnormal cell division
makes tumors
What is a benign tumor? ✅an abnormal mass of cells that stays in place
What is a malignant tumor? ✅lumps of cancerous cells that divide excessively and
spread
What makes cancer cells different from other cells? ✅can divide indefinitely
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