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Missouri Government EOC Review

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Missouri Government EOC Review Amendments to the Constitution # Bill of Rights 1. 1st Amendment: Freedoms of religion, speech, assembly, press, petition. 2. 2nd Amendment: Right to bear arms; a militia is necessary for a free state. 3. 3rd Amendment: Housing of soldiers. 4. 4th Amendmen...

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  • September 2, 2024
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Missouri Government EOC Review
Amendments to the Constitution



# Bill of Rights

1. 1st Amendment: Freedoms of religion, speech, assembly, press, petition.

2. 2nd Amendment: Right to bear arms; a militia is necessary for a free state.

3. 3rd Amendment: Housing of soldiers.

4. 4th Amendment: No unreasonable search or arrest.

5. 5th Amendment: No person tried without grand jury indictment; no double jeopardy; due process of
law.

6. 6th Amendment: Rights of accused in criminal cases.

7. 7th Amendment: Right to trial by jury.

8. 8th Amendment: No excessive bail or cruel and unusual punishment.

9. 9th Amendment: People retain rights not listed in the Constitution.

10. 10th Amendment: Powers not granted to the federal government are reserved for the states or the
people (important for state governments).



# Additional Notable Amendments

- 13th Amendment: Abolished slavery.

- 15th Amendment: Gave African Americans the right to vote.

- 17th Amendment: Senators elected by direct population (previously by state legislators).

- 18th Amendment: Prohibition of alcoholic beverages (no purchase or sale).

- 19th Amendment: Women’s right to vote.

- 21st Amendment: Repealed Prohibition.

- 22nd Amendment: Two-term limit on Presidents.

- 24th Amendment: Poll taxes cannot prevent voting rights.

- 26th Amendment: Lowered voting age from 21 to 18.



# Amendment Process

, - Proposing an amendment: Requires a 2/3 vote of each house of Congress or a national convention
called by 2/3 of state legislatures.

- Ratifying an amendment: Ratification by at least 3/4 of state legislatures or by specially called
conventions in at least 3/4 of the states.



Important Legal Principles

- Due Process: Principle from the 5th Amendment that requires the government to follow proper
constitutional procedures in trials and actions against individuals.



Enlightenment Ideas and Influential Thinkers

- Enlightenment: Movement in the 1700s promoting knowledge, reason, and science to improve society;
influenced American revolutionaries.

- Jean Jacques Rousseau: Advocated that laws should reflect the general will of the people (Social
Contract).

- Natural Rights: Rights tied to life, liberty, and property.

- John Locke: Philosopher known for natural rights and social contract theory as outlined in the "Second
Treatise of Government."

- Montesquieu: Author of "The Spirit of the Laws," emphasized separation of powers and influenced the
U.S. Constitution.

- Thomas Hobbes: Wrote "Leviathan," arguing for a strong central government to maintain order.



Fundamental Concepts of Government

- Monarchy: Government led by a hereditary king or queen; can be absolute or constitutional.

- Republic: Government where citizens elect representatives; equivalent to representative democracy.

- Limited Government: Government should not have excessive power to avoid tyranny.

- Federalism: Distribution of power between national and state governments.

- Checks and Balances: System ensuring no branch of government becomes too powerful.



Historical Documents and Concepts

- Magna Carta: Early document limiting monarch power; influenced constitutional law.

- English Bill of Rights: Protected rights of citizens; foundational for the American Bill of Rights.

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