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Marine Science Exam 1 with correct Answers
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Marine Science Exam 1 with correct Answers
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Marine Science Exam 1 with correctAnswers
Hypothesis - Answer-An initial explanation of data based on well-established physical or
chemical laws. Must be subject to testing and falsification.
Theory - Answer-A hypothesis that has been consistently supported by repeated,
different experiments. Theories help to predict the existence of a phenomena or
relationships that have not been recognized. A tested, reliable, and precise statement of
the relationships among reproducible observations.
Vikings - Answer-Norse for Piracy. During Europe's period of intellectual decline, did
extensive exploration, trade, and colonization.
Portolanos - Answer-Harbor-finding charts (middle ages)
Orgin of the Universe - Answer-Formed 10-15 bya by the 'Big Bang.' Universe was
formed from something smaller than an atom (a singularity) which exploded causing
everything to blow outward with great heat and speed.
Atomic Number - Answer-= Proton Number (upper left corner of elements)
Primordial Elements - Answer-Elements formed during the big bang: Hydrogen and
Helium
Stellar Nucleosysnthesis - Answer--Created all other elements
-Fusion processes in active stars
-Neutron capture to form intermediate mass elements above iron
-Fusion during supernovae explosions to form the heaviest elements
Origin of our Solar System - Answer-Formed about 4.6 bya, Earth assumed to be same
age
Extraterrestrial Oceans - Answer-There are liquid ocean on Jupiter's moons, Europa
and Callisto
Early Planet Earth - Answer-No free oxygen until photosynthetic organisms evolved
, Orgin of Oceans - Answer-Water came from the mantle, gas that escapes volcanoes is
70% water vapor. Water also comes from comets (10 million enter atmosphere each
year), adds 0.0025mm/year
Radiometric Dating - Answer-Used to derive age of samples by measuring their parent
to daughter ratio of naturally occuring radioactive isotopes (radioactive Nuclei) and their
decay products. use known decay rates or half lives to estimate age.
Age Equation - Answer-t= age of the sample
D = # of atoms of the daughter isotope in sample
P = # of atoms of parents isotope in sample
Lamdba = decay constant of parent isotope
ln = natural logarithm
Geological Timescale - Answer-Precambrian: 4600-570 mya
Paleozoic: 570-245 mya
Mesozoic: 245-65 mya
Cenozoic: 65-0 mya
Latitudes - Answer-0º-90º from equator North and South
Artic Circle: 67º North
Tropic of Caner: 23º North
Equator: 0º
Tropic of Capricorn: 23º South
Antarctic Circle: 67º South
Temperate Zone - Answer-Between Artic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer, also between
Tropic of Capricorn and Antarctic Circle
Tropical Zone - Answer-Between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn
Longitude (or Meridions) - Answer-At right angles to latitude lines. Prime meridian = 0º.
International date line = 180º. Greenwich Mean Time= Universal Time- when sun is
directly above 0º longitude
Radiation from Sun - Answer-Earth Absorbs: 47.5
Atmosphere Absorbs: 17.5
Atmosphere Reflection to Space: 31
Earth Reflection to Space: 4
Heat Transferred from Earth to atmosphere 29.5 by evaporation and 12.5 by conduction
and reradiation, 5.5 reradiated to space. Atmospehre reradiated 59.5 to space.
Heat Budget: Light (short-wave radiation 30%) - Answer-7 million calories radiation/sq
meter. 6% backscattered by air, 20% reflected by clouds, 4% reflected by water and
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