What is schizophrenia? correct answers A long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, ...
A Level Clinical Psychology || A+ Guaranteed.
What is schizophrenia? correct answers A long-term mental disorder of a type involving a
breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception,
inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into
fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation. It is also a psychosis.
What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia? correct answers Positive symptoms refer to an
excess of functioning or distortions.
- delusions
- thought disorder
- disorganized behavior
- movement disorder
What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia? correct answers Negative symptoms refer to
an absence or decrease of normal function.
- small emotional range
- reduced ability to plan activities
- neglected personal hygiene
- loss of motivations
- social withdrawal
What are the other symptoms of schizophrenia? correct answers - impaired memory and
attention
- difficulty making sense of information
- impaired ability to organize
- poor decision making
- difficulty in interpreting social cues.
When can schizophrenia be diagnosed? correct answers - all other causes have been ruled out.
- the symptoms have had a significant impact on the ability to carry out basic everyday tasks.
- symptoms have been experienced for more than a month.
What are explanations for schizophrenia? correct answers - genes.
- subtle brain differences.
- change in the level of dopamine and serotonin.
- complications during birth.
- triggers (stress, or abuse eg.)
- drug abuse.
- social causation hypothesis.
What are some treatments for schizophrenia? correct answers - care programme approach.
- crisis resolution team.
- voluntary or compulsory detention.
- advance statement.
- typical and atypical antipsychotics.
,- cognitive behaviour treatment.
- family therapy.
- arts therapy.
What is a universal condition? correct answers A condition that is apparent everywhere around
the world. (eg. schizophrenia)
Define co-morbid. correct answers A condition that works alongside another condition.
What is a culture-bound condition? correct answers Conditions that are only apparent in one
culture, such as the presence of anorexia nervosa in western cultures.
How is normal defined? correct answers What is normal changes from time-to-time, like views
on homosexuality. Abnormal can be widely defined as something deviating from social norms
and acceptance.
Why would a clinician be interested in social problems or other psychological problems? correct
answers Psychological disorders could manifest themselves through other disorders or phobias,
as there may be underlying social causes.
What might be the social explanation for mental health issues? correct answers Social prejudice,
individual differences. Focuses on the nurture side of the debate.
What might be the cognitive explanation for mental health issues? correct answers Dependant on
how information is processed, as everyone processes information differently.
What might be the biological explanation for mental health issues? correct answers Genes,
hormone levels, brain structure.
What might be the learning theory explanation for mental health issues? correct answers
Observing a role model who displays symptoms or behaviours associated with the disorder. Also
conditioning and social learning theory.
What is the impact of having many different explanations for the causes of mental disorders?
correct answers Use of the wrong treatment could make someone's condition worse, but there
will be many different types of treatment offered, with some working better for some people than
others.
Define prognosis correct answers What a counsellor means when they speak of the probable
outcome in a case. It refers to the probability that one can recover from a condition.
What is a neurosis? correct answers A condition (such as depression), where the person has an
insight into their own disorder.
What is a psychosis? correct answers A condition (such as schizophrenia) where the person is in
a psychotic state who doesn't have an insight into their disorder.
,What does ICD stand for? correct answers International Classification of Diseases.
What does DCM stand for? correct answers Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
Why do psychologists need to be registered with the HCPC? correct answers To ensure that
members of the public are being treated correctly and protect them by law.
What is the HCPCs standard for character? correct answers Registrants have to provide credible
character references from someone who has known them for the past 3 years. This also takes into
account any criminal convictions.
What is the HCPCs standard for health? correct answers Registrants must provide information
every 2 years when they re-register. If there is a condition that impacts their judgement, they
must stop their work and declare this to the HCPC.
What is the HCPCs standard for proficiency? correct answers Professionals must be able to meet
the standard for efficiency otherwise they may not be able to practice.
What are the HCPCs standards for performance and ethics? correct answers There is a list of 14
guidelines that must be adhered to in professional conduct.
What are the HCPCs standards for continuing professional development? correct answers
Professionals must undertake and document regular training, change their practice and then
evaluate how effective these changes were.
What are the HCPCs standards for education and training? correct answers All practitioner
psychologists must have a masters decree in their area of practice with BPS accreditation.
What are the HCPCs standards for prescribing? correct answers Practitioner psychologists must
have the required knowledge to prescribe within their professional practice.
What are ethical guidelines 1-7 from the HCPC? correct answers -Act in the best interest of
service users.
-Respect the confidentiality of service users.
-Keep high standards of personal conduct.
-Provide any important information about your conduct and competence.
-Keep your professional knowledge and skills up to date.
-Act within the limits of your knowledge, skills and experience and, if necessary, refer the matter
to another practitioner.
-Communicate properly and effectively with service users and other practitioners.
What are ethical guidelines 8-14 from the HCPC? correct answers -Effectively supervise tasks
that you have asked other people to carry out.
-Get informed consent to provide care or services (so far as possible)
-Keep accurate records.
, -Deal fairly and safely with the risks of infection.
-Limit your work or stop practicing if your performance or judgement is affected by your health.
-Behave with honesty and integrity and make sure that your behavior does not damage the
public's confidence in you or your profession.
-Make sure that any advertising you do is accurate.
What is the difference between primary and secondary data? correct answers Primary data is
gathered by the researchers themselves, secondary data relies on evidence that has been gathered
by other researchers, or by using public access records.
What is one advantage of collecting primary data? correct answers It is known to the researcher
how reliable or accurate the data collected is. It also means any conclusions drawn are
acceptable.
What is one disadvantage of collecting primary data? correct answers Researchers have to collect
it themselves, which is more time consuming, and could face many ethical issues.
Why would a psychologist choose to use secondary data over primary data? correct answers
Using secondary data eliminates research studies that are unreliable or flawed in some way, or
this will at least be commented upon in their analysis.
What is longitudinal research? correct answers Research that takes place over a long period of
time, and often involves comparing a single sample group with their own performance over time.
How does longitudinal research be beneficial to clinicians? correct answers Patient's
measurements of the symptom severity and expression could be taken at certain times in order to
assess how effective the treatment is, and observe whether there is a reduction in symptoms.
What are two disadvantages of longitudinal studies? correct answers 1. Research has to go on for
long periods of time, meaning that patients could drop out or die, reducing the sample size and
making the final outcome less valid.
2. Another issue is that by the time meaningful data is extracted, there is already a chance that it
has become irrelevant and outdated.
What is an advantage of longitudinal studies when researching mental health? correct answers It
is the only way of reliably measuring the effect of time on a behavior in question. This is very
important when considering if treatments actually have the ability to significantly improve a
patient's quality of life.
What are cross sectional studies? correct answers Usually using a large group sample (so as to
get a good cross-section of the population), then conclusions are drawn from any data gathered.
E.g. researchers want to know about different ages suffering from schizophrenia, so they take a
sample of participants of different ages at the same time.
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