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What are the 4Ds of diagnosis? correct answers Deviance: deviating from a social norm ('rare' behaviour) Distress: extent to which the behaviour upsets the individual Danger: to themselves or other Dysfunction: behaviour that interferes with the individuals' life How has the DSM changed...

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Clinical Psychology Edexcel A Level || with 100% Error-free
Answers.
What are the 4Ds of diagnosis? correct answers Deviance: deviating from a social norm ('rare'
behaviour)

Distress: extent to which the behaviour upsets the individual

Danger: to themselves or other

Dysfunction: behaviour that interferes with the individuals' life

How has the DSM changed since 2015? correct answers now on DSM V(5)
created to harmonise with ICD 10
no longer a multi-axial diagnosis system

3 sections:
1) how it has been organised
2) diagnosis criteria and codes
3) emerging models and measures eg internet gaming disorder

What is the ICD? correct answers Now on ICD 10
For all diseases, including mental health disorders
Considers each disorder as a family (similar to DSM)
Code 'F' = mental health disorders
F31 = bipolar depression, F32 = depression, F32.0 = mild depression

Symptoms and Features of Schizophrenia correct answers (from the World Health Organisation):
- 21 million people worldwide have SZ
- people with SZ are 2-3x more likely to die earlier than the general population

Positive Symptoms (Type 1): hallucinations, delusions
Negative Symptoms (Type 2): lack of energy, apathy and physical care (showering), social
withdrawal and flatness of emotion (flat tone of voice)

What is the Dopamine Hypothesis for Schizophrenia? correct answers Dopamine links to muscle
control, pleasure and reward, and mood control

SZ is caused by excess dopamine activity (DA)
(Parkinson's is caused by lack of DA)

Mesolimbic overactivity = positive symptoms
Mesocortical dysfunction = negative symptoms

Dopamine is taken in by D2 receptors

, Evaluate the Dopamine Hypothesis (Evidence). correct answers Evidence For:
Lindstrom et al (1999): administered 20 patients (10 with SZ) with L-Dopa (a by-product of
dopamine).
L-Dopa was taken up quicker by the SZ patients: suggests they produce more dopamine (have
more receptors) than the control group.

Randrup and Munkvard (1966): injected rats with amphetamines which increases DA. The rats
showed behavioral indicators of SZ (including stereotypical movement).

Evidence Against:
Carlsson found that glutamate also affected DA and therefore could cause SZ.

It is difficult to establish cause and effect: faulty chemicals cause SZ, but SZ may also cause
faulty chemicals.

Evaluate the Dopamine Hypothesis (Strengths and Shortcomings). correct answers

Evaluate the Dopamine Hypothesis (Alternative Theory) correct answers Carlsson's glutamate
hypothesis

What is the genetic explanation of SZ? correct answers It suggests that SZ is caused by a genetic
variant

Evaluate the genetic explanation of SZ (Evidence). correct answers Evidence For:
Gottesman and Shields : found the concordance rate for monozygotic (MZ) twins and symptoms
of SZ is 54% (suggests there is genetic heritability).

Dopamine Hypothesis: Schizophrenic sufferers produce excess dopamine.

Heston: 10% of adopted children whose biological mothers had SZ also developed SZ.

Evidence Against:
Concordance is only 54% which suggests there is another factor.

Only 10% of the adopted children developed SZ suggesting that nurture has some role in
development.

Evaluate the genetic explanation of SZ (Application). correct answers Can be used to develop
treatments for SZ and to better inform family members

Evaluate the genetic explanation of SZ (Strengths and Shortcomings) correct answers
Reductionist: does not consider the social explanations of SZ (nurture). However, this allows the
explanation to be more detailed.

Free Will: is ignored and explains all behaviour and personality as a result of genetics.

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