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CHSOS 404 Exam 3 with Questions & Answers
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CHSOS 404 Exam 3 with Questions & Answerscapillaries - ✔✔-leaky thin walled vessels with a large cross sectional area allowing slow passage
of blood that facilitates transport and exchange
-important site of fluid balance regulation involving hydrostatic and osmotic forces
-these "starling forces" govern filtration on the arterial side and reabsorption on the venous side of the
capillary bed
fluid dynamics - ✔✔-2 opposing forces (hydrostatic and osmotic), created by 4 Starling forces,
move fluid across capillary wall
-difference between hydrostatic and interstitial fluid pressure favors filtration
-difference between osmotic pressure in plasma and interstitial fluid favor absorption
edema - ✔✔-accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial space
-heart failure - increased hydrostatic pressure as fluid accumulates from fluid backup
-increased hydrostatic pressure - increased arterial or venous pressure or arterial dilation
-decreased osmotic pressure - decreased plasma proteins or increased permeability to proteins
-obstruction - lymph failure
lymphatics - ✔✔-major function is to maintain blood volume, but also important in defense and
fat absorption
-do so by returning excess fluid from the interstitium to the circulatory system through vein like vessels
-lymphedema - excessive accumulation of lymph due to damaged or obstructed lymph vessels -
acute lymphangitis - acute inflammation of lymph vessels; lymphadenitis if nodes involved
veins - ✔✔-return of blood to heart through low resistance blood conduits
,-help maintain BP that ensures proper venous return
-sympathetic stimulation - contracts smooth muscle to raise venous pressure
-respiratory pump - during inspiration thoracic cavity expands, reducing pressure in the right atrium at
the same time that abdominal pressure increases, helping generate a pressure gradient to drive blood
return to the heart
digitalis - ✔✔- inhibits NaK - ATPase
-which results in increased NA to exchange with Ca2
-resulting in an increase in Ca2 intracellularly
vasodilators - ✔✔-nitroglycerin
-calcium channel blockers
beta adrenergic antagonists - ✔✔-reduce contractility and heart rate
-reduce myocardial oxygen demands
-increase ventricular filling by relaxing the obstructing muscle
-thereby increasing cardia output
other drugs - ✔✔-ACE inhibitors - reduce after load through vasodilation
-diuretics - reduce fluid retention
hyperlipidemia - ✔✔-lipids, such as cholesterol and triglycerides, collect in the blood
-normally transported in the blood by proteins, which form lipoprotein
-associated risk of atherosclerosis
-underlying cause of cardiovascular disease
-lipoproteins represent the lipid and associated protein capsule and are classified according to density
-primary HLD - many have a genetic basis - defective synthesis of apoproteins, lack of appropriate of
defective receptors, or defects in how the cell handles cholesterol
,-secondary - obesity, high caloric intake, sedentary lifestyle, DM
lipoproteins - ✔✔-chylomicrons - mostly triglycerides, very little protein -
very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) - triglycerides, cholesterol, and protein
-intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL)
-low density lipoproteins (LDL) - "bad cholesterol" - main carrier of cholesterol - triglycerides,
half cholesterol, one quarter protein
-high density lipoprotein (HDL) - "good cholesterol" - 20% cholesterol, hard protein
synthesis of lipoproteins - ✔✔-synthesized in both small intestine and liver -
chylomicrons synthesized in small intestine as part of fat reabsorption process
-LDL and HDL synthesized and released by liver -LDL main carrier of cholesterol
-HDL more reverse carrier, brings cholesterol from tissues to liver, allows body to recycle cholesterol
-inverse relationship between HDL levels and development of atherosclerosis -goal of tx to maintain
and increase HDL levels
hypercholesteremia - ✔✔-increase of cholesterol in the blood, characterized by LDL 70-
130mg/dL -LDL want lower numbers, ideally less than 100 mg/dL -HDL want higher numbers, more
than 40-60mg/dL
-total cholesterol want lower numbers, less than 200mg/dL
-triglycerides want lower numbers, 10-150mg/dL
managing hypercholesteremia - ✔✔-primary target is lowering LDL
-may involve dietary and lifestyle changes, as well as pharmacologic
treatments -statins - prevent liver from manufacturing cholesterol
-bile acid sequestrates - prevent body from absorbing cholesterol
-cholesterol-absorption inhibitors - limit body's absorption of cholesterol
, -fibrates decrease synthesis of VLDL by liver - stimulate clearance of triglyceride from circulation
-nicotinic acid - blocks synthesis and release of VLDLs from liver, reduces IDL and LDL level,
increases HDL concentrations
function of the cardiovascular system - ✔✔-transport: nutrients, wastes
-communication: hormones
-immunity: lymphocytes
-coagulation: clotting factors
-body temperature
mechanism of transport: bulk flow vs diffusion
structure of the cardiovascular system - ✔✔-heart -
pump -located in thoracic cavity
-encased by fibrous sac - the pericardium
-circulatory system
-arteries
-arterioles
-capillaries
-venules
-veins
-2 circulations
-pulmonary
-systemic
heart structure - ✔✔-5 vessels
-superior and inferior vena cava
-pulmonary artery
-pulmonary vein
-aorta
-4 ventricles
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