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CHSOS 404 Test with Questions & Answers Graded A
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CHSOS 404 Test with Questions &Answers Graded A
Virchow's triad - ✔✔1. change in vessel wall
2. decreased blood flow, stasis
3. increased coag of blood
benign neoplasm - ✔✔-well differentiated
-localized
-demarcated
malignant neoplasm - ✔✔-less well-
differentiated -grow rapidly
-invade neighboring tissues and have the capacity
cell cycle/division - ✔✔series of events that cells go through as they grow and
divide -cancer cells are autonomous or independent of normal growth controls
,-
3 causes of cellular abnormalities - ✔✔-telomerase
-change in p53
-change in pRB
pRB - ✔✔-governs cell cycle rate
-loss of pRB = unregulated cell growth
p53 - ✔✔-slows cell cycle to allow for repair of DNA mutations before cell division
-mutations with p53 = a lot of diff cancers
-activates DNA repair genes
-stops cell cycle to allow DNA repair genes to fix mutation
-initiates apoptosis if DNA damage cannot be reversed
telomerase - ✔✔-telomere are at the end of cells
-cancer cells replace telomeres by activating telomerase - cells can divide
indefinitely -immortal - bc cancer cells never lose telomeres so they never die
tumor suppressor gene - ✔✔-p53, pRB
-mutation in BOTH copies of alleles
-typically these TSG.restrain tumor growth
oncogenes - ✔✔-normally promote growth as protooncogenes within
cells -mutation in ONE copy of alleles
DNA repair gene - ✔✔normally correct damage/mutation in DNA
,Hereditary NonPolyposis Colon Cancer - ✔✔colon cancer die to mutation in DNA repair genes
-this decrease in DNA repair genes leads to an increase in genome instability and is called "mutator
phenotype; increases the likelihood that an individual with develop cancer
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) - ✔✔example of how multiple genetic changes are
often required for cancer to arise
cancer cell characteristics, origin and significance - ✔✔-multiple mutations "transformation" are
required for cancer to occur and often result in changes to growth and adherence that contribute
to invasion, angiogenesis and mets
-altered biochemical properties - promote growth & spread
-chromosomal changes - aneuploid - loss of diploid state
-aberrant adherence properties - loss of contact inhibition, anchorage independence; promotes
invasion and mets
-initiation promotion theory- •
-initiation (DNA mutation, irreversible) must occur first;
-promotion (stimulate cell proliferation, reversible in early stages) must follow initiation for tumors to
form
-progression obtains malignant phenotype including invasiveness, metastasis, autonomous growth
and genomic instability.
manifestations of cancer - ✔✔-pain
-cachexia
-declining hematopoiesis - anemia
-tumor markers - PSA, CA-125, CEA
tx-surgery, chemo, radiation
, dx and staging of cancer - ✔✔-TNM
tumor
nodes
metastasis
higher the #, worse the cancer
DNA structure and function - ✔✔•DNA contains the basic genetic information, and its expression
as proteins determines the various functions of that cell.
•DNA structure—base (A, T, G, C) + sugar + phosphate
•Use of complementary base-pairing—Anti-parallel orientation—Double-helix
•Chromosomes—23 pairs
•DNA replication (S phase of cell cycle) maintains genomic information using DNA polymerase -
Semi-conservative replication—DNA repair of damage due to replication errors or exposures.
mutations in DNA - ✔✔-silent - mutations that do not change the amino acid .
-missense - mutations that alter the amino acid and may or may not alter protein structure and thus
function.
-non sense -mutations may introduce a stop to protein
synthesis -insertion - addition of nucleotides in DNA sequence -
deletion - removal of nucleotides in DNA sequence
mitosis - ✔✔-Prophase where the nuclear membrane dissolves and two copies of each
chromosome (sister chromatids) attach at the centromere.
-Metaphase where the chromosomes are highly condensed and line up on the equatorial plane of
the cell.
-Anaphase where the sister chromatids separate, and the chromosomes are pulled apart.
-Telophase where the nuclear membrane forms around the two sets of chromosomes.
-Cytokinesis follows mitosis, forming two daughter or progeny cells.
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