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Ch. 2 Functional Neuroanatomy: The Nervous System and Behavior
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Ch. 2 Functional Neuroanatomy: The Nervous System and Behavior
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CH. 2 FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY:THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND BEHAVIOR
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
s Neurons - Basic unit of nervous system
Glial cells (glia) - Nonneural brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to
the brain. 4 types: astrocyte, microglial cells, oligodendrocyte, Schwann cell
Neuron doctrine - The hypothesis that 1) the brain is composed of separate cells that are distinct
structurally and functionally; and 2) info is transmitted between cells through tiny gaps
Synapses - The tiny gap between neurons where info is passed from from one to the other
Mitochondrion - A cellular organelles that provides metabolic energy for cell processes
Cell nucleus - Spherical central structure of a cell that contains the chromosome
Ribosomes - Structures in cell body where genetic info is translated to produce proteins
Dendrites - One of the extensions of the cell body that are the receptive surfaces of the neuron
Input zone - The part of the neuron that receives info from other neurons or from other specialized
sensory structures
Cell body (soma) - Region of neuron defined by presence of cell nucleus
Integration zone - Part of neuron that initiates nerve electrical activity
Axon - Single extension from the nerve cell that carries nerve impulses from the cell bodies to other
neurons
Conduction zone - Part of neuron where nerve's electrical signal is actively propagated
Axon terminal (synaptic bouton) - The end of an axon or axon collateral, which forms a synapse on a
neuron or other target cell
Output zone - Part of neuron where cell sends info to another cell
Golgi stain - A histological stain that fills small portion of neurons with dark, silver based precipitate to
measure cell shape
Nissl stain - A histological stain that outlines all cell bodies because the dyes are attracted to RNA which
encircles the nucleus and shows cell body size and density of cells in the region
Autoradiography - A histological technique that shows the distribution of radioactive chemicals in tissues
, Immunocytochemistry (ICC) - A method for detecting a particular protein in tissues in which an antibody
recognizes and binds to the protein and then chemical methods are used to leave a visible a reaction
product around each antibody
In situ hybridization - A method for detecting a particular RNA transcripts in tissue sections by providing
a nucleotide probe that is complementary to, and will therefore hybridize with, the transcript of interest
Immediate early genes (IEGs) - A class of genes that show rapid but transient increases in expression in
cells that have become activated
C-fos - An IEG commonly used to identify activated neurons
Anterograde labeling - Injection of radioactively amino acids into a collection of cell bodies and taken up
by a cell, incorporated into proteins, and transported to tips of axons where visualized through
autoradiography
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) - An enzyme found in horseradish and other plants that is used to
determine the cells of origin of a particular set of axons
Retrograde labeling - Process by which HRP is taken up into the axon at the terminals and transported
back to the cell body where it is readily visualized
Transsynaptically - The way in which some retrograde labels work in that they jump across synapses and
their way "upstream" towards higher levels of the nervous system and leaves "footprints"
Multipolar neuron - A nerve cell with many dendrites and 1 axon (the most common)
Bipolar neuron - A nerve cell with one dendrite at one end, and one axon at the other (common in
sensory systems)
Unipolar neuron - Aka monopolar; a nerve cell with a single branch that leaves the cell body then
extends in two directions - 1 end is the receptive pole, other end is the output zone (transmits info from
body to spinal cord)
Flow of info - Input zone -> integration zone -> conduction zone -> output zone -> input zone
Motoneuron - A nerve cell that transmits motor messages, stimulates a muscle or gland
Sensory neuron - Neuron that is directly affected by changes in the environment, such as light, odor, or
touch; carries messages from PNS to CNS
Interneuron - Neuron that is neither a sensor nor a motor neuron; receives input from and sends output
to other neurons
Arborization - The elaborate branching of the dendrites of some neurons
Presynaptic - Region of the synapse that releases the neurotransmitter
Postsynaptic - Region of the synapse that receives and responds to neurotransmitters
Presynaptic membrane - It's what it sounds like
Postsynaptic membrane - It's what it sounds like
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