Solutions Manual for Foundations of Engineering Thermodynamics.
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Course
Chemical engineering
Institution
Chemical Engineering
System - Answerswhatever we want to study. It may be as simple as a free body or
as complex as an entire chemical refinery.
Surrounding - Answerseverything external to the system
Boundary - Answersthe system is separate from its surrounding from its surrounding by a boundary that may or may not ...
Solutions Manual for Foundations of Engineering Thermodynamics.
System - Answerswhatever we want to study. It may be as simple as a free body or
as complex as an entire chemical refinery.
Surrounding - Answerseverything external to the system
Boundary - Answersthe system is separate from its surrounding from its surrounding by
a boundary that may or may not be in motion
Control system/ Control mass - Answersa fixed quantity of mass
control volume - Answersa region of space through which mass may flow.
control mass + control volume = - Answerscontrol surface
Closed System - Answerswhen a particular quantity of matter is under study.
Isolated System - AnswersA special type of closed system that does not interact in any
way
with its surroundings
the choice of system boundary is governed by two considerations: - Answers(1) what is
known about a possible system, particularly at its boundaries, and (2) the
objective of the analysis.
Classical Thermodynamics - AnswersThe macroscopic approach to thermodynamics is
concerned with the gross or overall behavior.
Macroscopic approach - Answersknown as statistical thermodynamics, is concerned
directly with the structure of matter.
Microscopic approach - Answersinterpret internal energy and entropy
Property - Answersa macroscopic characteristic of a
system such as mass, volume, energy, pressure, and temperature to which a numerical
value can be assigned at a given time without knowledge of the previous behavior
(history) of the system.
State - Answerscondition of a system as described by its properties
Process - AnswersWhen any of the properties of a system changes, the state changes
and the system
is said to undergo a process. Transformation from one state to another
Steady State - AnswersA system is said to be at steady state if none of its
properties changes with time.
extensive property - AnswersA property is called extensive if its value for an overall
system is the sum of its values for the parts into which the system is divided. can
change with time.
Intensive property - Answersare not additive in the sense previously considered. Their
values are independent of the size or extent of a system and may vary from place to
place within the system at any moment. Intensive properties may be functions of both
position and time, whereas extensive properties can vary only with time. Specific
volume (Sec. 1.5), pressure, and temperature are important intensive properties;
Equilibrium - AnswersIn mechanics, equilibrium means a condition of balance
maintained by an equality of opposing forces. In thermodynamics, the concept is more
far-reaching, including not only a balance of forces but also a balance of other
influences. Each kind of influence refers to a particular aspect of thermodynamic, or
complete, equilibrium. Accordingly, several types of equilibrium must exist individually to
fulfill the condi-
, tion of complete equilibrium; among these are mechanical, thermal, phase, and chem-
ical equilibrium.
Equilibrium State - AnswersIf there are no changes, we conclude
that the system was in equilibrium at the moment it was isolated.
base unit - AnswersUnits for all other quantities are then derived in terms of the base
units.
SI Base Unit - Answerskg, m, s
English Base Unit - Answerslb, ft, s
Continuum hypothesis - Answersmatter is simplified by considering it to be distributed
continuously throughout a region. The correctness of this idealization, known as the
continuum hypothesis, is inferred from the fact that for an extremely large class of
phenomena of engineering interest the resulting description
of the behavior of matter is in agreement with measured data.
Specific Volume - Answersthe reciprocal of the density, 5 1/. It is the
volume per unit mass. an intensive property
Molar basis - Answersan amount of a given substance numerically equal to its
molecular weight.
Pressure - AnswersF/A
molar basis - Answersn=m/M
volume per kilomole - Answers=Mv
normal stress - AnswersWhen expressed on
a unit area basis, the component normal to the area
shear stress - Answersthe two components in the plane of the area
Absolute pressure - Answerspressure: pressure with respect to the zero pressure
of a complete vacuum. The lowest possible value of absolute pressure is zero.
pressure equation - Answersp=patm+p(density)gl
piezoelectric effect - AnswersA charge is
generated within certain solid materials when they are deformed.
This mechanical input/electrical output provides the basis for pres-
sure measurement as well as displacement and force measure-
ments. Another important type of sensor employs a diaphragm
that deflects when a force is applied, altering an inductance, resis-
tance, or capacitance.
buoyant force - AnswersWhen a body is completely or partially submerged in a liquid,
the resultant pressure
force acting on the body. Has magnitude equal to weight of displaced liquid
pressure and stress - Answerspascal
gage pressure or vacuum pressure - Answersthermodynamic relations, pressure-
measuring devices often indicate the difference between the absolute pressure of a
system and the absolute pressure of the atmosphere existing outside the measuring
device. The magnitude of the difference is called a gage pressure or a vacuum
pressure.
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