What is stenosis? hardening or narrowing of a valve, it makes it difficult for blood to flow past it, but bloods still flows normally through the heart
What is regurgitation? blood moves backwards through the valve. The blood moves both ways, in and out
What happens with Aortic Stentosis? If ther...
Adult 3 (NUR 325) Exam 2 Cardiac
Review Questions and Correct Answers
What is stenosis? ✅hardening or narrowing of a valve, it makes it difficult for blood to
flow past it, but bloods still flows normally through the heart
What is regurgitation? ✅blood moves backwards through the valve. The blood moves
both ways, in and out
What happens with Aortic Stentosis? ✅If there's sever aortic stenosis you will not get
as much blood flow through the body. The body will start shunting from less vital organs
to more vital. The SNS will kick in causing an increased HR, vasoconstriction, and the
kidneys won't get as well perfused so the RAS system will also kick in. People with AS
could get really bad hypertension. We want to be careful not to drop these patient's bps
too much.
What is a heart murmur? ✅Abnormal heart sound due to a pathological valve
When do you hear a heart murmur? ✅When blood is moving over the pathological
valve. (If it's a systolic murmur it's during the systolic phase of the pathological valve. If
it is diastolic, it's during the valve's diastole)
When do Ventricles and contract? ✅RV relaxes during diastole. LV fills and relaxes
during diastole. LV contracts during systole, RV contracts during systole.
What do atria do? ✅The atriums fill continuously and passively open when there is too
much pressure.
What's the most important cardiac parameter? ✅Pulse
What 3 main things generate a pulse? ✅contractility, volume, vascular tone
What is stroke volume? ✅the amount of blood that's ejected out of the ventricle with
each heart beat
What is cardiac output? ✅the amount of blood ejected in a minute
What is the formula for cardiac output? ✅HR x SV
What is cardiac index? ✅individualized for a person's size. It's the same thing as
cardiac output, it's just more specific for how big a person is
, What drugs help with increasing heart contractility? ✅dopamine, dobutamine, and
epinephrine
What does dopamine do? ✅When you give higher levels of dopamine (>10) it causes
vasoconstriction, dopamine less than 10 increases contractility and improves heart rate
Side Effects dopamine? ✅tachycardia, dysrhythmias, palpitations
What does dobutamine do? ✅helps with contractility of the heart and increases HR,
but not as much as dopamine
Side Effects dobutamine ✅tachycardia, dysrhythmias, hypotension
What does epinephrine do? ✅increases HR, increases contractility, increases
vasoconstriction
Side Effects Epinephrine ✅hypertension, tachycardia, chest pain
What is preload? ✅the amount of stretch on a ventricle at the end of diastole
What is Frank Starling's Law? ✅our ventricles can fill up to a certain point where we
have a maximum amount of contraction, but if they are overfilled, they do not work as
well.
CVP ✅it's measured using a central line, we use it to measure the volume of blood in
the ventricle
What can be used to measure preload? ✅stroke volume
Stroke volume ✅the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle with each beat
How do we use stroke volume to measure preload? ✅we get their stroke volume
before drinking, and then you take it again after drinking something. The goal is to see if
their body responds favorably to the fluid bolus. If it's positive it increases by 10%, you'll
keep doing the procedure until there's no change.
(We need to get the stroke volume before an intervention and then after an intervention.
If they do not respond we need to try something else.)
How to increase preload? ✅give LR, NS, or another isotonic fluid. You could also give
them blood, plasma, packed RBCs, or platelets. Hgb and hct will go up if you give
packed RBCs.
What is afterload? ✅the amount of resistance that a ventricle has to face during
systole
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