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Summary Patterns of inheritance
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summary of the function of the patterns of inheritance in biology year 12 syllabus
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Punnet Squares and PedigreesDefinitions
Genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype: the physical appearance or physiology of an organism
Gene: a sequence of nucleotides that code for specific trait
Allele: one or two versions of a gene
Homozygous: having two identical versions of an allele
Heterozygous: having different versions of an allele
Homologous: Genotypes made of the same alleles
Dominant: an allele that, if present in the genotype will be expressed in the phenotype
Recessive: an allele which will only be expressed in the phenotype if homozygous is in the
genotype
Pure breeding: all homozygous alleles
Gregor Mendel
Outline the work of Mendel and explain the methodologies that brought him success
Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He
deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent. Mendel
tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or
recessive traits. Mendel was able to mathematically predict the ratios of characteristics of offspring.
(Punnet squares)
MENDALS LAWS OF INHERITANCE :
1. The principle of segregations= The two alleles of a gene pair separate from each other in the
formation of gametes. Half the gametes carry one allele and the other half carry the other
2. The principle of independent assortment= Genes for different traits assort independently of
one another in the formation of gametes
3. The principle of dominance= There exists a dominant allele which, if present in the genotype
, will be present in the phenotype of the organism
, EXPERIMENT: He used garden variety peas to show that inherited characteristics are passed as
discrete ‘unit’ from parents to their offspring
Methodologies= made his work reliable and successful
- The creation of pure-breeding lines Mendel spent 2 years establishing pure breeding lines
of each trait. He grew these plants in isolated greenhouse and ensured self pollination
- Ensuring cross breeding Mandal manually transferred pollen from the anthers of one
pure-breeding plant to the stigma of the contrasting pure-breeding plant (prevented self-
pollination)
- Kept accurate and comprehensive records
- Looked at one characteristic at a time
- Made exact counts (quantitative data) to calculate his ratios
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